Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL collation方法

MySQL collation方法

Jun 07, 2016 pm 06:00 PM
mysql

在以前用oracle的时候,很少关于它的collation方法,但是在mysql中,这点不加注意的话,却有可能会出现问题。

问题是这样的:
一张test的表,字符集采用的latin1。

select to_id from test where to_id='cn象_王';
+---------------+
| to_id |
+---------------+
| cn陶_陶 |
| cn象_王 |
+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

取cn象_王的数据,居然把cn陶_陶的数据也取回来了。
这显然是不允许的。

查看它们的编码:

(root@im_offlog1a)[test]> select hex('cn陶_陶');
+----------------+
| hex('cn陶_陶') |
+----------------+
| 636ECCD55FCCD5 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

(root@im_offlog1a)[test]> select hex('cn象_王');
+----------------+
| hex('cn象_王') |
+----------------+
| 636ECFF35FCDF5 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

编码的确是不一样的,但是为什么mysql会认为这两条记录是一样的呢?

一开始我们就把问题定位于collation引起的问题。

show variables查看
| collation_connection | latin1_swedish_ci
| collation_database | latin1_swedish_ci
| collation_server | latin1_swedish_ci


手工把这些参数修改为latin1_bin,结果居然一样。这下感觉真是奇怪了。

这里先解释一下mysql collation的命名规则:
它们以其相关的字符集名开始,通常包括一个语言名,并且以_ci(大小写不敏感)、_cs(大小写敏感)或_bin(二元)结束

比如latin1字符集有以下几种校正规则:

校对规则 含义
latin1_german1_ci 德国DIN-1
latin1_swedish_ci 瑞典/芬兰
latin1_danish_ci 丹麦/挪威
latin1_german2_ci 德国 DIN-2
latin1_bin 符合latin1编码的二进制
latin1_general_ci 多种语言(西欧)
latin1_general_cs 多种语言(西欧ISO),大小写敏感
latin1_spanish_ci 现代西班牙


最后我们将表格重建,手工指定表格级别的collation为latin1_bin。
这个问题就得到了解决。


那么问题又来了,为什么我前面手工测试latin1_bin时不生效呢?

原来MySQL按照下面的方式选择表字符集和 校对规则:
如果指定了CHARACTER SET X和COLLATE Y,那么采用CHARACTER SET X和COLLATE Y。
如果指定了CHARACTER SET X而没有指定COLLATE Y,那么采用CHARACTER SET X和CHARACTER SET X的默认校对规则。
否则,采用服务器字符集和服务器校对规则。

而我们在建表的时候指定了character set,所以它永远是采用对应的默认的校对规则。

当然我们其实也没必要重建表格,只需要alter table db_allot CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_bin这样转换即可。

另外建议collation都尽量采用字符集相应的bin类型的校对规则,这样不容易出错。


再说说我自己的体会

觉得 character set latin1 collate latin1_bin 就是老版的 VARCHAR BINARY 的改进,只是新版的先用 character set 定字符集,再用此字符集名字加 _bin 定校对规则为二进制的,从而确保中文查询正确。
再测试了一下,把此字段属性改为不带 BINARY 的
ALTER TABLE `comment_content_1_01` CHANGE `thread` `thread` VARCHAR( 50 ) DEFAULT NULL
然后再看表结构确实变成 `thread` varchar(50) default NULL, 即不带 character set latin1 collate latin1_bin 了,可见character set latin1 collate latin1_bin 就是老版的 VARCHAR BINARY 的改进。

此外还读到更方便的做法,不用逐个改字段属性,而只要表格级别的collation为latin1_bin就行了。
测试:
alter table comment_content_1_01 CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_bin
后,

再导出表结构


CREATE TABLE comment_content_1_01 (
content_id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
thread varchar(50) collate latin1_bin default NULL,
uname varchar(100) collate latin1_bin default NULL,
nick varchar(100) collate latin1_bin default NULL,
uid int(11) unsigned default NULL,
content text collate latin1_bin,
post_time datetime default NULL,
post_ip int(10) unsigned default NULL,
`status` enum('unaudit','normal','deleted') collate latin1_bin NOT NULL default 'unaudit',
PRIMARY KEY (content_id)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 COLLATE=latin1_bin;

即便原来没定各字段的 collate,现在也全都是 collate latin1_bin 了。
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