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oracle区管理和段空间管理详细介绍

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:55 PM
oracle

本文将详细介绍oracle区管理和段空间管理,需要的朋友可以参考下

作为一名DBA,常见的一个场景之一:

创建表空间:
代码如下:
createtablespaceThink
datafile'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/think.dbf'size100M
autoextendonnext10Mmaxsize4096M
extentmanagementlocaluniformsize256K
segmentspacemanagementauto;

创建用户:
代码如下:
createuserbin
defaulttablespaceThink
temporarytablespacetemp;

授予权限:
代码如下:
grantconnect,resourcetobin;
revokeunlimitedtablespacefrombin;
alteruserbinquotaunlimitedonThink;

在这个场景中,有两条语句:
①extentmanagementlocaluniformsize256K
②segmentspacemanagementauto
其中,前者是区管理;后者则是段空间管理

㈠区管理
区管理实际上就是表空间的管理
8i以前,是字典管理表空间,当创建或删除对象时,Oracle的空间分配或回收是通过数据字典来记录和管理
在高并发系统中,这会导致性能衰减、空间碎片等难题
这已经是门过去的技术,这里就不赘述了。
8i开始,Oracle引入本地表空间管理
在每个表空间的数据文件的头部加入了一个位图区域
一个段的第一个区的第一个块是firstlevelbitmapblock
第二个块是secondlevelbitmapblock
第三个块才是段头块
这两个块是用来管理freeblock

语法:
代码如下:
extentmanagementlocal{autoallocate|uniformsizenK/M}

是自动分配还是统一尺寸
若为自动分配,则Oracle会按照递增算法来分配空间
如果选择统一尺寸,还可以详细指定每个区间的大小
dba_extents这个视图可以看到哪些对象分配了多少区间

㈡段空间管理
Oracle以区间为单位将空间分配给对象段,而段内则是以block为单位进行空间使用和管理
我们以几个参数来理解段空间管理
代码如下:
[sql]
sys@ORCL>selectextent_management,segment_space_managementfromdba_tablespaces;
EXTENT_MANSEGMEN
----------------
LOCALMANUAL
LOCALMANUAL
LOCALAUTO
LOCALMANUAL
LOCALMANUAL

从9i开始,段空间管理有两种:
①MSSM:由你设置freelists、freelistgroups、pctused、pctfree、initrans等参数来控制如何分配、使用段中的空间
②ASSM:你只需控制一个参数pctfree,其他参数即使建了也将被忽略
⑴freelist
使用MSSM表空间管理时,Oracle会在freelist中为有自由空间的对象维护HWM以下的块
freelist和freelistgroup在ASSM表空间中根本不存在,仅在MSSM表空间使用这个技术
⑵pctfree和pctused
pctfree告诉Oracle:块上应该保留多大的空间来完成将来的更新
对于MSSM,她控制着块何时放入freelist中,以及何时从freelist中取出。
如果大于pctfree,则这个块会一直在freelist上
对于ASSM,因为ASSM根本不使用freelist。在ASSM中,pctused也将被忽略。
但她仍然会限制能否将一个新行插入到一个块中
适当的设置pctfree有助于减小行迁移
⑶initrans
无论是ASSMorMSSM这个参数仍然有效
块头的事务槽的初始化大小有对象的initrans指定

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