Oracle PL/SQL语言基础
PL/SQL是ORACLE对标准数据库语言的扩展，ORACLE公司已经将PL/SQL整合到ORACLE服务器和其他工具中了，近几年中更多的开发人员和DBA开始使用PL/SQL，本文将讲述PL/SQL基础语法，结构和组件、以及如何设计并执行一个PL/SQL程序。 PL/SQL的优点 从版本6开始PL/SQ
PL/SQL是ORACLE对标准语言的扩展，ORACLE公司已经将PL/SQL整合到ORACLE 和其他工具中了，近几年中更多的开发人员和DBA开始使用PL/SQL，本文将讲述PL/SQL基础语法，结构和组件、以及如何设计并执行一个PL/SQL程序。
PL/SQL的优点
从版本6开始PL/SQL就被可靠的整合到ORACLE中了，一旦掌握PL/SQL的优点以及其独有的数据管理的便利性，那么你很难想象ORACLE缺了PL/SQL的情形。PL/SQL 不是一个独立的产品，他是一个整合到ORACLE服务器和ORACLE工具中的技术，可以把PL/SQL看作ORACLE服务器内的一个引擎，sql语句执行者处理单个的sql语句，PL/SQL引擎处理PL/SQL程序块。当PL/SQL程序块在PL/SQL引擎处理时，ORACLE服务器中的SQL语句执行器处理pl/sql程序块中的SQL语句。
PL/SQL的优点如下：
. PL/SQL是一种高性能的基于事务处理的语言，能运行在任何ORACLE环境中，支持所有数据处理命令。通过使用PL/SQL程序单元处理SQL的数据定义和数据控制元素。
. PL/SQL支持所有SQL数据类型和所有SQL函数，同时支持所有ORACLE对象类型
. PL/SQL块可以被命名和存储在ORACLE服务器中，同时也能被其他的PL/SQL程序或SQL命令调用，任何客户/服务器工具都能访问PL/SQL程序，具有很好的可重用性。
. 可以使用ORACLE数据工具管理存储在服务器中的PL/SQL程序的安全性。可以授权或撤销数据库其他用户访问PL/SQL程序的能力。
. PL/SQL代码可以使用任何ASCII文本编辑器编写，所以对任何ORACLE能够运行的操作系统都是非常便利的
. 对于SQL，ORACLE必须在同一时间处理每一条SQL语句，在网络环境下这就意味作每一个独立的调用都必须被oracle服务器处理，这就占用大量的服务器时间，同时导致网络拥挤。而PL/SQL是以整个语句块发给服务器，这就降低了网络拥挤。
PL/SQL块结构
PL/SQL是一种块结构的语言，组成PL/SQL程序的单元是逻辑块，一个PL/SQL 程序包含了一个或多个逻辑块，每个块都可以划分为三个部分。与其他语言相同，变量在使用之前必须声明，PL/SQL提供了独立的专门用于处理异常的部分，下面描述了PL/SQL块的不同部分：
声明部分(Declaration section)
声明部分包含了变量和常量的数据类型和初始值。这个部分是由关键字DECLARE开始，如果不需要声明变量或常量，那么可以忽略这一部分；需要说明的是游标的声明也在这一部分。
执行部分(Executable section)
执行部分是PL/SQL块中的指令部分，由关键字BEGIN开始，所有的可执行语句都放在这一部分，其他的PL/SQL块也可以放在这一部分。
异常处理部分(Exception section)
这一部分是可选的，在这一部分中处理异常或错误，对异常处理的详细讨论我们在后面进行。
PL/SQL块语法
[DECLARE]
---declaration statements
BEGIN
---executable statements
[EXCEPTION]
---exception statements
END
PL/SQL块中的每一条语句都必须以分号结束，SQL语句可以使多行的，但分号表示该语句的结束。一行中可以有多条SQL语句，他们之间以分号分隔。每一个PL/SQL块由BEGIN或DECLARE开始，以END结束。注释由--标示。
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