Oracle 10g 恢复操作概述
1. 实例恢复在实例重新启动时,系统自动恢复。判断依据:数据文件的scn与控制文件不一致。步骤:(1)使用online redo log,数据前
1. 实例恢复
在实例重新启动时,系统自动恢复。
判断依据:数据文件的scn与控制文件不一致。
步骤:
(1)使用online redo log,数据前滚到与控制文件一致的SCN处。
(2)使用undo表空间,对未提交事务执行回滚操作。
结果:数据库中数据保留到实例异常前最后一次提交的内容。
2. 用户错误恢复
用户错误包括:用户数据错误修改,数据表误删等
恢复技术:闪回查询(Flashback Query)
Flashback Drop和表空间回收站(Tablespace's recycle bin)
闪回表(Flashback Table)
LogMiner
2.1 闪回查询
前提:undo表空间足够容纳用户在一段时期内修改的数据
undo表空间保留历史修改数据的时限(UNDO_RETETION初始变量)
查询表employees在15分钟前的数据:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, email FROM hr.employees
AS OF TIMESTAMP(systimestamp - interval '15' minute)
WHERE employee_id = 101;
查询表employees在指定历史时间的数据:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, email FROM hr.employees
AS OF TIMESTAMP(
to_timestamp('01-Sep-04 16:18:57.84', 'DD-Mon-RR HH24:MI:SS.FF'))
WHERE employee_id = 101;
2.2 Flashback Drop和表空间回收站
每个Oracle表空间中存在一个Recycle bin,用户存放删除的表和表相关内容(索引等)
删除的表所占用的空间并不立即回收,但在视图DBA_FREE_SPACE中可看到。
# 恢复已删除的数据表到删除前状态(包括表中数据):
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE order_items TO BEFORE DROP;
# 恢复已删除的数据表并改名:
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE order_items TO BEFORE DROP RENAME TO order_items_old;
如果同一个表被删除恢复多次,如果需要恢复到以前的版本,则可以查询视图RECYCLEBIN
或者使用命令SHOW RECYCLEBIN,并使用其中的表名称。
使用限制:
仅能用于非系统本地管理的表空间。
位图联合索引、参照完整性约束、物化视图删除后无法保存在Recyclebin.
使用Drop Index删除索引,删除的索引不会保存(只有删除表,,县官索引才保存)。
2.3 Flashback表
允许将一个或多个表恢复到历史指定时间的状态。无需使用太耗时的操作。
Flashback Table使用对相关事务的Undo操作恢复表,使用undo表空间。
(Flashback Drop直接回收恢复表占用的空间)
需要启用行迁移(row movement)功能。undo操作可能会改变记录的rowid.
#启用Row Movement
SQL> ALTER TABLE hr.employees ENABLE ROW MOVEMENT;
#使用Flashback Table恢复表到指定时间
SQL> FLASHBACK TABLE hr.employees [, ...]
TO TIMESTAMP systimestamp - interval '15' minute;
2.4 LogMiner
从Redo Log中提取所有的DDL和DML活动的语句。
使用V$LOGMNR_CONTENTS视图查看(首先需要执行DBMS_LOGMNR.START_LOGMNR()过程)
LogMiner工具本身不能用于恢复数据库
仅从RedoLog中提取用于恢复数据库的SQL语句。
3. 控制文件恢复
如果有控制文件发生错误,Oracle实例将停止运行。
如果没有停止,则必须手动执行:SHUTDOWN ABORT
将未损坏的控制文件复制一份到目标地址,并修改初始化参数中出问题的
控制文件的路径到新的控制文件
或者在初始化参数中把有问题的控制文件条目删除。
控制文件错误时,修改初始化参数参数,需要在NOMOUNT状态下。
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP NOMOUNT;
SQL> SHOW PARAMETER CONTROL_FILES;
或
SQL> SELECT name, value FROM v$spparameters
WHERE name = 'control_files';
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET CONTROL_FILES='...','...','...' SCOPE=SPFILE;
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP;
4. 重做日志恢复
只要有一组中还有一个Redo Log文件还有可用,Oracle实例就不会崩溃。
(即一个redo log组中所有redo log文件全部失效,Oracle示例就会崩溃)
使用V$LOGFILE视图查询当前redo log文件的状态。
如果一个redo log组中存在错误的redo log文件,那么按以下步骤恢复:
# 确认哪个文件出现错误(在哪个组中)
SQL> SELECT * FROM v$logfile ORDER BY group#;
# 对该组redo log执行归档操作
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG GROUP
# 清空有问题的redo log组并重建
SQL> ALTER DATABASE CLEAR LOGFILE GROUP
5. 系统关键数据文件恢复
包括SYSTEM表空间和UNDO表空间。
5.1 NOARCHIVELOG 模式下
只能依赖于是否对数据库有全备份,如果有,则只能恢复到全备份时。
5.2 ARCHIVELOG 模式下
SQL> SHUTDOWN ABORT; # 强制停止
SQL> STARTUP MOUNT; # 只能在Mount状态下恢复
在EM的Perform Recovery中,选择恢复数据文件,以及对应的SYSTEM表空间数据文件。
并可指定需要恢复到的目标路径。系统将会执行RMAN脚本进行恢复。
SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN; # 恢复完毕后打开数据库
6. 非系统数据文件恢复
6.1 NOARCHIVELOG 模式下
只能依赖于是否对数据库有全备份,如果有,则只能恢复到全备份时。
6.2 ARCHIVELOG 模式下
只影响到丢失的数据文件相关的数据库对象。
同样可在EM中,按步骤执行Perform Recovery进行恢复。
# 查看数据文件
SQL> SELECT t.name, d.name FROM v$tablespace t
JOIN v$datafile d USING (ts#)
WHERE t.name = 'USERS';
也可以执行RMAN命令恢复编号为4和7的数据文件:
$ rman target /
RMAN> run { sql 'alter database datafile 4 offline';
sql 'alter database datafile 7 offline';
restore datafile 4, 7;
recover datafile 4, 7;
sql 'alter database datafile 4 online';
sql 'alter database datafile 7 online'; }

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