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Oracle数据块体系介绍

Jun 07, 2016 pm 05:07 PM
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在插入新数据行,或在更新数据行需要更多空间时(例如,原来某行最后一个字段为空(trailing null),现在要更新为非空值),将

数据块概述

Oracle对数据库数据文件(datafile)中的存储空间进行管理的单位是数据块(data block)。数据块是数据库中最小的(逻辑)数据单位。与数据块对应的,所有数据在操作系统级的最小物理存储单位是字节(byte)。每种操作系统都有一个被称为块容量(block size)的参数。Oracle每次获取数据时,,总是访问整个数(Oracle)数据块,而不是按照操作系统块的容量访问数据。

数据库中标准的数据块(data block)容量是由初始化参数 DB_BLOCK_SIZE 指定的。除此之外,用户还可以指定五个非标准的数据块容量(nonstandard block size)。数据块容量应该设为操作系统块容量的整数倍(同时小于数据块容量的最大限制),以便减少不必要的I/O操作。Oracle数据块是Oracle可以使用和分配的最小存储单位。

另见:

针对特定操作系统的Oracle文档中包含更多有关数据块容量(data block size)的信息

多种数据块容量(Multiple Block Sizes)

2.2.1 数据块结构

在Oracle中,不论数据块中存储的是表(table)、索引(index)或簇表(clustered data),其内部结构都是类似的。图2-2 说明了数据块的结构。

图2-2 数据块结构

本图显示了数据块的各个组成部分,包括:数据块头(包括标准内容和可变内容)(common and variable header),表目录区(table directory),行目录区(row directory),可用空间区(free space),行数据区(row data)。以下各节将分别讲解各个组成部分。图中两个箭头表示一个数据块中的可用空间区的容量是可变的。

2.2.1.1 数据块头(包括标准内容和可变内容)

数据块头(header)中包含了此数据块的概要信息,例如块地址(block address)及此数据块所属的段(segment)的类型(例如,表或索引)。

2.2.1.2 表目录区

如果一个数据表在此数据块中储存了数据行,那么数据表的信息将被记录在数据块的表目录区(table directory)中。

2.2.1.3 行目录区

此区域包含数据块中存储的数据行的信息(每个数据行片断(row piece) 在行数据区(row data area)中的地址)。[一个数据块中可能保存一个完整的数据行,也可能只保存数据行的一部分 ,所以文中使用row piece]

 

当一个数据块(data block)的行目录区(row directory)空间被使用后,即使数据行被删除(delete),行目录区空间也不会被回收。举例来说,当一个曾经包含50条记录的数据块被清空后,其块头(header)的行目录区仍然占用100字节(byte)的空间。只有在数据块中插入(insert)新数据时,行目录区空间才会被 重新利用。

2.2.1.4 管理开销

数据块头(data block header),表目录区(table directory),行目录区(row directory)被统称为管理开销(overhead)。其中 有些开销的容量是固定的;而有些开销的总容量是可变的。数据块中固定及可变管理开销的容量平均在84到107字节(byte)之间。

2.2.1.5 行数据

数据块(data block)中行数据区(row data)包含了表或索引的实际数据。一个数据行可以跨多个数据块。这就出现了“行链接(Row Chaining)及行迁移(Row Migrating)

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