MySQL Tuning Summary
尽量把数据库设计的更小的占磁盘空间.1).尽可能使用更小的整数类型.(mediumint就比int更合适).2).尽可能的定义字段为not null,除
现在大概列出如下:(望各位补充)
1.数据库的设计
尽量把数据库设计的更小的占磁盘空间.
1).尽可能使用更小的整数类型.(mediumint就比int更合适).
2).尽可能的定义字段为not null,除非这个字段需要null.(这个规则只适合字段为KEY的情形)
3).如果没有用到变长字段的话比如varchar,那就采用固定大小的纪录格式比如char.(CHAR 总是比VARCHR快)
4).表的主索引应该尽可能的短.这样的话每条纪录都有名字标志且更高效.
5).只创建确实需要的索引。索引有利于检索记录,但是不利于快速保存记录。如果总是要在表的组合字段上做搜索,那么就在这些字段上创建索引。索引的第一部分必须是最常使用的字段.如果总是需要用到很多字段,首先就应该多复制这些字段,使索引更好的压缩。
(这条只适合MYISAM引擎的表,对于INNODB则在保存记录的时候关系不大,因为INNODB是以事务为基础的,如果想快速保存记录的话,特别是大批量的导入记录的时候)
6).所有数据都得在保存到数据库前进行处理。
7).所有字段都得有默认值。
8).在某些情况下,把一个频繁扫描的表分成两个速度会快好多。在对动态格式表扫描以取得相关记录时,它可能使用更小的静态格式表的情况下更是如此。
(具体的表现为:MYISAM表的MERGE类型,以及MYISAM和INNODB通用的分区,详情见手册)
9).不会用到外键约束的地方尽量不要使用外键。
2.系统的用途
1).及时的关闭对MYSQL的连接。
2).explain 复杂的SQL语句。(这样能确定你的SELECT 语句怎么优化最佳)
3).如果两个关联表要做比较话,做比较的字段必须类型和长度都一致.(在数据庞大的时候建立INDEX)
4).LIMIT语句尽量要跟order by或者 distinct.这样可以避免做一次full table scan.
5).如果想要清空表的所有纪录,建议用truncate table tablename而不是delete from tablename.
不过有一个问题,,truncate 不会在事务处理中回滚。因为她要调用create table 语句。
(Truncate Table 语句先删除表然后再重建,这个是属于文件级别的,所以自然快N多)
实测例子:
song2为INNODB表。
mysql> select count(1) from song2;
+----------+
| count(1) |
+----------+
| 500000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.91 sec)
mysql> delete from song2;
Query OK, 500000 rows affected (15.70 sec)
mysql> truncate table song2;
Query OK, 502238 rows affected (0.17 sec)
6).能使用STORE PROCEDURE 或者 USER FUNCTION的时候.(ROUTINE总是减少了服务器端的开销)
7).在一条insert语句中采用多重纪录插入格式.而且使用load data infile来导入大量数据,这比单纯的indert快好多.(在MYSQL中具体表现为:INSERT INTO TABLEQ VALUES (),(),...();)
(还有就是在MYISAM表中插入大量记录的时候先禁用到KEYS后面再建立KEYS,具体表现语句:
ALTER TABLE TABLE1 DISABLE KEYS;ALTER TABLE TABLE1 ENABLE KEYS;
而对于INNNODB 表在插入前先 set autocommit=0;完了后:set autocommit=1;这样效率比较高。)
8).经常OPTIMIZE TABLE 来整理碎片.
9).还有就是date 类型的数据如果频繁要做比较的话尽量保存在unsigned int 类型比较快。
3.系统的瓶颈
1).磁盘搜索.
并行搜索,把数据分开存放到多个磁盘中,这样能加快搜索时间.
2).磁盘读写(IO)
可以从多个媒介中并行的读取数据。
3).CPU周期
数据存放在主内存中.这样就得增加CPU的个数来处理这些数据。
4).内存带宽
当CPU要将更多的数据存放到CPU的缓存中来的话,内存的带宽就成了瓶颈.

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