Unix平台Oracle数据库优化简介
如今的优化己经向优化等待(waits)转型了,实际中性能优化最根本的出现点也都集中在IO,这是影响性能最主要的方面,由系统中的等待
如今的优化己经向优化等待(waits)转型了,实际中性能优化最根本的出现点也都集中在IO,这是影响性能最主要的方面,由系统中的等待去发现Oracle库中的不足、操作系统某些资源利用的不合理是一个比较好的办法,本文测重于Unix环境。
一、通过操作系统的一些工具检查系统的状态,比如CPU、内存、交换、磁盘的利用率,根据经验或与系统正常时的状态相比对,有时系统表面上看起来看空闲这也可能不是一个正常的状态,因为CPU可能正等待IO的完成。除此之外我们还应观注那些占用系统资源(CPU、内存)的进程。
1、如何检查操作系统是否存在IO的问题?使用的工具有sar,这是一个比较通用的工具。
Rp1#sar -u 2 10
即每隔2秒检察一次,共执行20次,当然这些都由你决定了。
示例返回:
HP-UX hpn2 B.11.00 U 9000/800 08/05/03
18:26:32 %usr %sys %wio %idle
注:我在RedHat下查看是这种结果,不知%system就是所谓的%wio。
Linux 2.4.21-20.ELsmp (YY075) 05/19/2005
10:36:07 AM CPU %user %nice %system %idle
10:36:09 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.13 99.87
10:36:11 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:36:13 AM all 0.25 0.00 0.25 99.49
10:36:15 AM all 0.13 0.00 0.13 99.75
10:36:17 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:36:17 AM CPU %user %nice %system %idle
10:36:19 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:36:21 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:36:23 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
10:36:25 AM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
其中的%usr指的是用户进程使用的CPU资源的百分比,%sys指的是系统资源使用CPU资源的百分比,%wio指的是等待io完成的百分比,,这是值得我们观注的一项,%idle即空闲的百分比。如果wio列的值很大,如在35%以上,说明你的系统的IO存在瓶颈,你的CPU花费了很大的时间去等待IO的完成。Idle很小说明系统CPU很忙。像我的这个示例,可以看到wio平均值为11说明io没什么特别的问题,而我的idle值为零,说明我的CPU已经满负荷运行了。
当你的系统存在IO的问题,可以从以下几个方面解决:
*联系相应的操作系统的技术支持对这方面进行优化,比如hp-ux在划定卷组时的条带化等方面。
*查找Oracle中不合理的SQL语句,对其进行优。
*对Oracle中访问量频繁的表除合理建索引外,再就是把这些表分表空间存放以免访问上产生热点,再有就是对表合理分区。
常用的工具便是vmstat,对于hp-unix来说可以用glance,Aix来说可以用topas,当你发现vmstat中pi列非零,memory中的free列的值很小,glance,topas中内存的利用率多于80%时,这时说明你的内存方面应该调节一下了,方法大体有以下几项。
*划给Oracle使用的内存不要超过系统内存的1/2,一般保在系统内存的40%为益。
*为系统增加内存。
*如果你的连接特别多,可以使用MTS的方式。
*打全补丁,防止内存漏洞。
3、如何找到点用系用资源特别大的Oracle的session及其执行的语句。
Hp-unix可以用glance,top,IBM AIX可以用topas,此外可以使用ps的命令。通过这些程序我们可以找到点用系统资源特别大的这些进程的进程号,我们就可以通过以下的sql语句发现这个pid正在执行哪个sql,这个sql最好在pl/sql developer,toad等软件中执行, 把中的spid换成你的spid就可以了。
SELECT a.username,a.machine,a.program,a.sid,a.serial#,
a.status,c.piece,c.sql_text from v$session a,v$process b,
v$sqltext c WHERE b.spid='ORCL' AND b.addr=a.paddr AND
a.sql_address=c.address(+)order BY c.piece
我们就可以把得到的这个sql分析一下,看一下它的执行计划是否走索引,对其优化避免全表扫描,以减少IO等待,从而加快语句的执行速度。
提示:在做SQL优化时,经常碰到使用In的语句,这时我们一定要用exists把它给换掉,因为Oracle在处理In时是按Or的方式做的,即使使用了索引也会很慢。
比如:
SELECT col1,col2,col3 FROM table1 a
WHERE a.col1 not in (SELECT col1 FROM table2)

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