数据分布对MySQL执行计划的影响
本文内容遵从CC版权协议, 可以随意转载, 但必须以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息及版权声明网址: http://www.penglixun.com/tech/database/data_distribution_on_mysql_explain.html 以前我一直以为,MySQL优化器只会根据数据的基数来判断执行计划的
本文内容遵从CC版权协议, 可以随意转载, 但必须以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息及版权声明网址: http://www.penglixun.com/tech/database/data_distribution_on_mysql_explain.html
以前我一直以为,MySQL优化器只会根据数据的基数来判断执行计划的优化,在5.0时,基本上只要基数达不到要求,MySQL就不会选择索引。不过从今天优化一组SQL的情况来看,5.1早已不是这样,MySQL优化器考虑了数据分布的影响,使用不同的值,对同一条SQL可能产生完全不同的执行计划。可以做如下测试。
有一张表 A (id,c1),假设采用“SELECT c1,count(*) FROM table GROUP BY c1”的方式来查看每一列每个值的数据量的结果如下:
c1 | count(*) |
1 | 100 |
2 | 1000 |
3 | 10000 |
4 | 100000 |
假设现在c1上有个索引 idx_1 (c1)。
当我采用只有100个值的1作为条件的筛选值查看执行计划时,
MySQL会毫不犹豫的走 idx_1 索引。
但是改为4作为筛选值,基本上都可以看到全表扫描的执行计划。
<span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">EXPLAIN</span> <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">SELECT</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">*</span> <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">FROM</span> A <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">WHERE</span> c1<span style="color: #66cc66;">=</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">1</span>; <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">EXPLAIN</span> <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">SELECT</span> <span style="color: #66cc66;">*</span> <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">FROM</span> A <span style="color: #993333; font-weight: bold;">WHERE</span> c1<span style="color: #66cc66;">=</span><span style="color: #cc66cc;">4</span>;
虽然从源码目录的 sql/sql_select.cc 中并未找到具体的优化代码,但是从sql/opt_range.cc来看,至少RANGE查询的优化已经通过蒙特卡罗方法来估算要选择的值的出现概率,那么有理由相信,如此简单的选择查询,MYSQL肯定也估算了要查询的值出现的概率,然后以此为依据计算访问路径。
所以,一条SQL优化时,不仅要看数据的离散度,还得看经常被当作筛选值的数值唯一性是否够好,如果被筛选的值唯一性不好,建立索引依然是没有什么意义的,因为MySQL根本不会选择这个索引。

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