T-SQL基础教程:集合理论
集合理论是由数学家Georg Cantor创建的,这是一个基于关系模型的数学分支。Cantor的集定义如下: 集合,我们的意思是:任意集合体M是我们感知或想到的,能够确定的、互异对象m(称之为M的元素)的整体。 ──Joseph W. Dauben和Georg Cantor(普林斯顿大学出版
集合理论是由数学家Georg Cantor创建的,这是一个基于关系模型的数学分支。Cantor的集定义如下:
集合,我们的意思是:任意集合体M是我们感知或想到的,能够确定的、互异对象m(称之为M的元素)的整体。
──Joseph W. Dauben和Georg Cantor(普林斯顿大学出版社,1990年)
定义中的每个字都有着深刻和重要意义。集合定义和集合从属关系是无需证明的公理,宇宙中的每个元素要么是集合成员,要么不是集合成员。
让我们从Cantor定义中的每个词开始。一个“集合”应将其视为单个实体,你的焦点应该放在对象的集合上,而不是组成集合的单个对象上。然后,当你对数据库中的表(如雇员表)编写T-SQL查询时,你应该将雇员的集合看作是一个整体,而不是单个的雇员。这听起来可能并不重要并且很简单,但显然很多程序员很难采用这种思维方式。
“互异”这个词的含义是指集合中的每个元素必须是唯一的。跳跃到数据库中的表,你可以通过定义键约束来强制表中行的唯一性。没有键的话,你就不能唯一地标识行,因此表也就不能取得“集合”资格。相反,该表将是一个多重集合或是一个无序的单位组。
“我们感知或想到的”这句话意味着集合的定义是主观的。思考一下教室:一个人可以被认为是“人”的集合,也有可能被认为是“学生”或“教师”的集合。因此,在定义集合方面你具有很大的自由度。当你为数据库设计数据模型时,设计过程应仔细考虑应用程序的主观需求,从而为相关实体确定恰当的定义。
至于“对象”,,集合的定义不是限制为像汽车或雇员这样的物理对象,而是相关的抽象对象,如质数或线条。
Cantor的集合定义省略掉的内容很可能像所包含的内容一样重要。请注意,定义中没有提到集合元素间的任何顺序,集合元素的列出顺序并不重要。列出集合元素的正式标记符号是使用大括号:{a、b、c}。因为与顺序无关,你可以使用{b, a, c}或{b, c, a}表示同一集合。跳跃到属性(SQL中称之为列)集合,它们组成了关系(SQL中称之为表)的表头,元素应该是按名称标识──而不是按顺序位置标识。
同样,思考一下元组(SQL中称之为行)的设置,它们构成了关系的主体,元素由其键值进行标识,而不是按位置标识。许多程序员很难适应这种观念,对于查询表而言,行之间没有顺序。换句话说,对表的查询可以按任意顺序返回表中的行,除非你基于特定展现目的,明确要求数据以特定方式的进行排序。

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