MySQL数据库中与 NULL值有关的几个问题
对于SQL的新手,NULL值的概念常常会造成混淆,他们常认为NULL是与空字符串''相同的事。情况并非如此。例如,下述语句是完全不同的: mysql INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES (NULL); mysql INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES (''); 这两条语句均会将
对于SQL的新手,NULL值的概念常常会造成混淆,他们常认为NULL是与空字符串''相同的事。情况并非如此。例如,下述语句是完全不同的:
mysql> INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES (NULL);
mysql> INSERT INTO my_table (phone) VALUES ('');
这两条语句均会将值插入phone(电话)列,但第1条语句插入的是NULL值,第2条语句插入的是空字符串。第1种情况的含义可被解释为“电话号码未知”,而第2种情况的含义可被解释为“该人员没有电话,因此没有电话号码”。
为了进行NULL处理,可使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL操作符以及IFNULL()函数。
在SQL中,NULL值与任何其它值的比较(即使是NULL)永远不会为“真”。包含NULL的表达式总是会导出NULL值,除非在关于操作符的文档中以及表达式的函数中作了其他规定。下述示例中的所有列均返回NULL:
mysql> SELECT NULL, 1+NULL, CONCAT('Invisible',NULL);
如果打算搜索列值为NULL的列,,不能使用expr = NULL测试。下述语句不返回任何行,这是因为,对于任何表达式,expr = NULL永远不为“真”:
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone = NULL;
要想查找NULL值,必须使用IS NULL测试。在下面的语句中,介绍了查找NULL电话号码和空电话号码的方式:
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone IS NULL;
mysql> SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE phone = '';
更多信息和示例:
如果你正在使用MyISAM、InnoDB、BDB、或MEMORY存储引擎,能够在可能具有NULL值的列上增加1条索引。如不然,必须声明索引列为NOT NULL,而且不能将NULL插入到列中。
用LOAD DATA INFILE读取数据时,对于空的或丢失的列,将用''更新它们。如果希望在列中具有NULL值,应在数据文件中使用N。在某些情况下,也可以使用文字性单词“NULL”。
使用DISTINCT、GROUP BY或ORDER BY时,所有NULL值将被视为等同的。
使用ORDER BY时,首先将显示NULL值,如果指定了DESC按降序排列,NULL值将最后显示。
对于聚合(累计)函数,如COUNT()、MIN()和SUM(),将忽略NULL值。对此的例外是COUNT(*),它将计数行而不是单独的列值。例如,下述语句产生两个计数。首先计数表中的行数,其次计数age列中的非NULL值数目:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(age) FROM person;
对于某些列类型,MySQL将对NULL值进行特殊处理。如果将NULL插入TIMESTAMP列,将插入当前日期和时间。如果将NULL插入具有AUTO_INCREMENT属性的整数列,将插入序列中的下一个编号。

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