MySQL执行计划解读
Explain语法 EXPLAIN SELECT ……变体: 1 . EXPLAIN EXTENDED SELECT ……将执行计划“反编译”成SELECT语句,运行SHOW WARNINGS 可得到被MySQL优化器优化后的查询语句 2 . EXPLAIN PARTITIONS SELECT ……用于分区表的EXPLAIN 执行计划包含的信息 id 包含
Explain语法
EXPLAIN <span>SELECT</span><span> …… 变体: </span><span><strong>1</strong></span>. EXPLAIN EXTENDED <span>SELECT</span><span> …… 将执行计划“反编译”成SELECT语句,运行SHOW WARNINGS 可得到被MySQL优化器优化后的查询语句 </span><span><strong>2</strong></span>. EXPLAIN PARTITIONS <span>SELECT</span><span> …… 用于分区表的EXPLAIN</span>
执行计划包含的信息
id
包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序
id相同,执行顺序由上至下
如果是子查询,id的序号会递增,id值越大优先级越高,越先被执行
id如果相同,可以认为是一组,从上往下顺序执行;在所有组中,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行
select_type
表示查询中每个select子句的类型(简单 OR复杂)
a.SIMPLE:查询中不包含子查询或者UNION
b.查询中若包含任何复杂的子部分,最外层查询则被标记为:PRIMARY
c.在SELECT或WHERE列表中包含了子查询,该子查询被标记为:SUBQUERY
d.在FROM列表中包含的子查询被标记为:DERIVED(衍生)
e.若第二个SELECT出现在UNION之后,则被标记为UNION;若UNION包含在 FROM子句的子查询中,外层SELECT将被标记为:DERIVED
f.从UNION表获取结果的SELECT被标记为:UNION RESULT
type
表示MySQL在表中找到所需行的方式,又称“访问类型”,常见类型如下:
由左至右,由最差到最好
a.ALL:Full Table Scan, MySQL将遍历全表以找到匹配的行
b.index:Full Index Scan,index与ALL区别为index类型只遍历索引树
c.range:索引范围扫描,对索引的扫描开始于某一点,返回匹配值域的行,常见于between、等的查询
range访问类型的不同形式的索引访问性能差异
d.ref:非唯一性索引扫描,返回匹配某个单独值的所有行。常见于使用非唯一索引即唯一索引的非唯一前缀进行的查找
e.eq_ref:唯一性索引扫描,对于每个索引键,表中只有一条记录与之匹配。常见于主键或唯一索引扫描
f.const、system:当MySQL对查询某部分进行优化,并转换为一个常量时,使用这些类型访问。如将主键置于where列表中,MySQL就能将该查询转换为一个常量
system是const类型的特例,当查询的表只有一行的情况下, 使用system
g.NULL:MySQL在优化过程中分解语句,执行时甚至不用访问表或索引
possible_keys
指出MySQL能使用哪个索引在表中找到行,查询涉及到的字段上若存在索引,则该索引将被列出,但不一定被查询使用
key
显示MySQL在查询中实际使用的索引,若没有使用索引,显示为NULL
TIPS:查询中若使用了覆盖索引,则该索引仅出现在key列表中
key_len
表示索引中使用的字节数,可通过该列计算查询中使用的索引的长度
key_len显示的值为索引字段的最大可能长度,并非实际使用长度,即key_len是根据表定义计算而得,不是通过表内检索出的
ref
表示上述表的连接匹配条件,即哪些列或常量被用于查找索引列上的值
本例中,由key_len可知t1表的idx_col1_col2被充分使用,col1匹配t2表的col1,col2匹配了一个常量,即 ’ac’
rows
表示MySQL根据表统计信息及索引选用情况,估算的找到所需的记录所需要读取的行数
Extra
包含不适合在其他列中显示但十分重要的额外信息
a.Using index
该值表示相应的select操作中使用了覆盖索引(Covering Index)
TIPS:覆盖索引(Covering Index)
MySQL可以利用索引返回select列表中的字段,而不必根据索引再次读取数据文件
包含所有满足查询需要的数据的索引称为 覆盖索引(Covering Index)
注意:
如果要使用覆盖索引,一定要注意select列表中只取出需要的列,不可select *,因为如果将所有字段一起做索引会导致索引文件过大,查询性能下降
b.Using where
表示MySQL服务器在存储引擎受到记录后进行“后过滤”(Post-filter),
如果查询未能使用索引,Using where的作用只是提醒我们MySQL将用where子句来过滤结果集
c.Using temporary
表示MySQL需要使用临时表来存储结果集,常见于排序和分组查询
d.Using filesort
MySQL中无法利用索引完成的排序操作称为“文件排序”
MySQL执行计划的局限
?EXPLAIN不会告诉你关于触发器、存储过程的信息或用户自定义函数对查询的影响情况
?EXPLAIN不考虑各种Cache
?EXPLAIN不能显示MySQL在执行查询时所作的优化工作
?部分统计信息是估算的,并非精确值
?EXPALIN只能解释SELECT操作,其他操作要重写为SELECT后查看执行计划

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