Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL外键和参照完整性的实现步骤

MySQL外键和参照完整性的实现步骤

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:11 PM
mysql foreign key whole accomplish us step

我们大家都知道MySQL参照完整性一般是通过MySQL外键(foreign key)的具体使用而随之应用。总的来说,流行工具开源 RDBMS MySQL(与PHP搭配之最佳组合)并不支持外键,原因是这种支持将会降低RDBMS的速度和性能。 然而,由于很多用户对参照完整性的优点倍感兴趣

我们大家都知道MySQL参照完整性一般是通过MySQL外键(foreign key)的具体使用而随之应用。总的来说,流行工具开源 RDBMS MySQL(与PHP搭配之最佳组合)并不支持外键,原因是这种支持将会降低RDBMS的速度和性能。

然而,由于很多用户对参照完整性的优点倍感兴趣,最近MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)的不同版本都通过新InnoDB列表引擎支持外键。由此,在数据库组成的列表中保持参照完整性将变得非常简单。

为了建立两个MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)表之间的一个MySQL外键关系,必须满足以下三种情况:

两个表必须是InnoDB表类型。

使用在外键关系的域必须为索引型(Index)。

使用在MySQL外键关系的域必须与数据类型相似。

例子是理解以上要点的最好方法。如表A所示,建立两个表,其中一个列出动物种类及相应的代码(表名为:species),另一表列出动物园中的动物(表名为:zoo)。现在,我们想通过species关联这两个表,所以我们只需要接受和保存zoo表中包含species表中的合法动物的入口到数据库中。

表A

MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)> CREATE TABLE species (id TINYINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, Prima(最完善的虚拟主机管理系统)RY KEY(id)) ENGINE=INNODB;

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)   </span></span></li>
<li>MySQL<span>(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)</span><span class="tag">></span><span> INSERT INTO species VALUES (1, 'orangutan'), (2, 'elephant'), (3, 'hippopotamus'), (4, 'yak');   </span>
</li>
<li class="alt"><span>Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)   </span></li>
<li><span>Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0   </span></li>
</ol>
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MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)> CREATE TABLE zoo (id INT(4) NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, FK_species TINYINT(4) NOT NULL, INDEX (FK_species), FOREIGN KEY (FK_species) REFERENCES species (id), Prima(最完善的虚拟主机管理系统)RY KEY(id)) ENGINE=INNODB;

注意:对于非InnoDB表, FOREIGN KEY 语句将被忽略。

现在,fieldszoo.species与species.id 之间存在一个MySQL外键关系。只有相应的zoo.specie与species.idfield的一个值相匹配,动物表中的入口才可被访问。以下的输出即演示了当你想输入一个Harry Hippopotamus记录,而使用到不合法的species代码:

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt">MySQL<span>(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)</span><span>> INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (1, 'Harry', 5);   </span>
</li>
<li><span>ERROR 1216 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails   </span></li>
</ol>
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这里,MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)核查species表以查看species代码是否存在,如果发现不存在,就拒绝该记录。当你输入正确代码的,可以与以上做比较。

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt">MySQL<span>(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)</span><span>> INSERT INTO zoo VALUES (1, 'Harry', 3);   </span>
</li>
<li><span>Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)   </span></li>
</ol>
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这里,MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)核查species表以查看species代码是否存在,当发现存在,允许记录保存在zoo表中。

为了删除一个MySQL外键关系,首先使用SHOW CREATE TABLE找出InnoDB的内部标签,如表B所示:

表 B

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt"><span><span>+-------+---------------------------------------------------+   </span></span></li>
<li><span>| Table | Create Table |   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>+-------+---------------------------------------------------+   </span></li>
<li><span>| zoo | CREATE TABLE `zoo` (   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>`id` int(4) NOT NULL default '0',   </span></li>
<li><span>`name` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '',   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>`FK_species` tinyint(4) NOT NULL default '0',   </span></li>
<li><span>KEY `FK_species` (`FK_species`),   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>CONSTRAINT `zoo_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`FK_species`)   </span></li>
<li><span>REFERENCES `species` (`id`)   </span></li>
<li class="alt">
<span>) </span><span class="attribute">ENGINE</span><span>=</span><span class="attribute-value">InnoDB</span><span> DEFAULT </span><span class="attribute">CHARSET</span><span>=</span><span class="attribute-value">latin1</span><span> |   </span>
</li>
<li><span>+-------+----------------------------------------------------+   </span></li>
</ol>
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然后使用带有DROP FOREIGN KEY 语句的ALTER TABLE命令,如以下:

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt">MySQL<span>(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)</span><span>> ALTER TABLE zoo DROP FOREIGN KEY zoo_ibfk_1;   </span>
</li>
<li><span>Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0   </span></li>
</ol>
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为了将一个外键添加到一个现成的表中,使用ADD FOREIGN KEY的 ALTER TABLE语句指定合适的域作为一个外键:

<ol class="dp-xml">
<li class="alt">MySQL<span>(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)</span><span>> ALTER TABLE zoo ADD FOREIGN KEY (FK_species) REFERENCES species (id);   </span>
</li>
<li><span>Query OK, 1 rows affected (0.11 sec)   </span></li>
<li class="alt"><span>Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0   </span></li>
</ol>
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如以上例子解释的,MySQL外键在捉摸数据入口错误上起着重要的作用,由此可建立更为强健更加集成的数据库。另一方面值得提到的是,执行外键核实是内部资料处理的过程,且不同表之间指定复杂的内部关系可以导致数据库的性能下降。所以,在参照完整性与性能考虑之间找到平衡点相当重要,而使用外键就是能够确保性能与稳健之间的最优结合。

我期望本期的有关MySQL外键的介绍对你有所好处,你将会在下回的MySQL(和PHP搭配之最佳组合)数据库设计中感受到外键的好处。编程快乐!


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