MySQL高级特性之集合函数(1)
到现在为止,你只学习了如何根据特定的条件从表中取出一条或多条记录。但是,假如你想对一个表中的记录进行数据统计。例如,如果你想统计存储在表中的一次民意测验的投票结果。或者你想知道一个访问者在你的站点上平均花费了多少时间。要对表中的任何类型的
到现在为止,你只学习了如何根据特定的条件从表中取出一条或多条记录。但是,假如你想对一个表中的记录进行数据统计。例如,如果你想统计存储在表中的一次民意测验的投票结果。或者你想知道一个访问者在你的站点上平均花费了多少时间。要对表中的任何类型的数据进行统计,都需要使用集合函数。你可以统计记录数目,平均值,最小值,最大值,或者求和。当你使用一个集合函数时,它只返回一个数,该数值代表这几个统计值之一。
这些函数的最大特点就是经常和GROUP BY语句配合使用,需要注意的是集合函数不能和非分组的列混合使用。
行列计数
计算查询语句返回的记录行数
直接计算函数COUNT(*)的值,例如,计算pet表中猫的只数:
mysql>SELECT count(*) FROM pet WHERE species=’cat’;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 2 |
+----------+
统计字段值的数目
例如,计算pet表中species列的数目:
mysql> SELECT count(species) FROM pet;
+----------------+
| count(species) |
+----------------+
| 9 |
+----------------+
如果相同的种类出现了不止一次,该种类将会被计算多次。如果你想知道种类为某个特定值的宠物有多少个,你可以使用WHERE子句,如下例所示:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(species) FROM pet WHERE species='cat' ;
注意这条语句的结果:
+----------------+
| COUNT(species) |
+----------------+
| 2 |
+----------------+
这个例子返回种类为'cat'的作者的数目。如果这个名字在表pet中出现了两次,则次函数的返回值是2。 而且它和上面提到过的语句的结果是一致的:
SELECT count(*) FROM pet WHERE species=’cat’
实际上,这两条语句是等价的。
假如你想知道有多少不同种类的的宠物数目。你可以通过使用关键字DISTINCT来得到该数目。如下例所示:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT species) FROM pet;
+-------------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT species) |
+-------------------------+
| 5 |
+-------------------------+
如果种类'cat'出现了不止一次,它将只被计算一次。关键字DISTINCT 决定了只有互不相同的值才被计算。
通常,当你使用COUNT()时,字段中的空值将被忽略。
另外,COUNT()函数通常和GROUP BY子句配合使用,例如可以这样返回每种宠物的数目:
mysql> SELECT species,count(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species;
+---------+----------+
| species | count(*) |
+---------+----------+
| bird | 2 |
| cat | 2 |
| dog | 3 |
| hamster | 1 |
| snake | 1 |
+---------+----------+

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