Home Database Mysql Tutorial 设计Mysql索引的原则

设计Mysql索引的原则

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:52 PM
mysql index

搜索的索引列,不一定是所要选择的列。换句话说,最适合索引的列是出现在WHERE 子句中的列,或连接子句中指定的列,而不是出现在SELECT 关键字后的选择列表中的列。 2. 使用惟一索引。考虑某列中的分布。对于惟一的列,索引的效果最好,而具有多个重复的

        1. 搜索的索引列,不一定是所要选择的列。换句话说,最适合索引的列是出现在WHERE 子句中的列,或连接子句中指定的列,而不是出现在SELECT 关键字后的选择列表中的列。

        2. 使用惟一索引。考虑某列中值的分布。对于惟一值的列,索引的效果最好,而具有多个重复值的列,其索引效果最差。例如,存放年龄的列具有不同值,很容易区分各行。而用来记录性别的列,只含有“ M”和“F”,则对此列进行索引没有多大用处(不管搜索哪个值,都会得出大约一半的行)

        3. 使用短索引。如果对串列进行索引,应该指定一个前缀长度,只要有可能就应该这样做。例如,如果有一个CHAR(200) 列,如果在前10 个或20 个字符内,多数值是惟一的,那么就不要对整个列进行索引。对前10 个或20 个字符进行索引能够节省大量索引空间,也可能会使查询更快。较小的索引涉及的磁盘I/O 较少,较短的值比较起来更快。更为重要的是,对于较短的键值,索引高速缓存中的块能容纳更多的键值,因此,MySQL也可以在内存中容纳更多的值。这增加了找到行而不用读取索引中较多块的可能性。(当然,应该利用一些常识。如仅用列值的第一个字符进行索引是不可能有多大好处的,因为这个索引中不会有许多不同的值。)

        4. 利用最左前缀。在创建一个n 列的索引时,实际是创建了MySQL 可利用的n 个索引。多列索引可起几个索引的作用,因为可利用索引中最左边的列集来匹配行。这样的列集称为最左前缀。(这与索引一个列的前缀不同,索引一个列的前缀是利用该的前n 个字符作为索引值。)

        5. 不要过度索引。不要以为索引“越多越好”,什么东西都用索引是错的。每个额外的索引都要占用额外的磁盘空间,并降低写操作的性能,这一点我们前面已经介绍过。在修改表的内容时,索引必须进行更新,有时可能需要重构,因此,索引越多,所花的时间越长。如果有一个索引很少利用或从不使用,那么会不必要地减缓表的修改速度。此外,MySQL 在生成一个执行计划时,要考虑各个索引,这也要费时间。创建多余的索引给查询优化带来了更多的工作。索引太多,也可能会使MySQL 选择不到所要使用的最好索引。只保持所需的索引有利于查询优化。如果想给已索引的表增加索引,应该考虑所要增加的索引是否是现有多列索引的最左索引。如果是,则就不要费力去增加这个索引了,因为已经有了。

        6. 考虑在列上进行的比较类型。索引可用于“ <”、“ < = ”、“ = ”、“ > =”、“ >”和BETWEEN 运算。在模式具有一个直接量前缀时,索引也用于LIKE 运算。如果只将某个列用于其他类型的运算时(如STRCMP( )),对其进行索引没有价值。

更多相关教程请访问   MySQL视频教程

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