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车用液晶面板的设计技巧

Jun 07, 2016 pm 03:30 PM
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欢迎进入IT技术社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 引言 90年代内置TFT屏幕的汽车导航仪问世至今历经20年的发展,目前已经成为生活中随处可见的数字电子产品,日本地区超过70%的新车配备导航仪。 汽车厂商的可靠性评鉴与品管基准的严苛,根本不是一般

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  引言

  90年代内置TFT屏幕的汽车导航仪问世至今历经20年的发展,目前已经成为生活中随处可见的数字电子产品,日本地区超过70%的新车配备导航仪。

  汽车厂商的可靠性评鉴与品管基准的严苛,根本不是一般家电、计算机、数字电子机器等消费性产业可以比较的,它涉及高可靠性液晶显示器的开发、质量管理系统、日常的生产活动,必须建立汽车专用的操作系统。以下本文要介绍车用液晶显示器的开发技巧与今后的发展动向。

  要求特性

  耐环境性

  车用液晶显示器最基本的要求特性就是耐环境性,表1是车用液晶显示器的可靠性试验规范。随着汽车厂商的不同,要求条件更严苛的耐环境试验,例如高温+95℃、低温-40℃,高温高湿65℃、湿度90%,试验时间2000小时等特性,面临这种情况,业者利用随机抽样样品进行试验,确认使用上完全符合耐环境试验要求的特性。

  画面辉度

  与其它用途截然不同的车用液晶显示器特性首推画面辉度,主要原因是车用液晶显示器在室外强烈阳光下,要求很高的影像画面可视度,一般手机可以在室内或是室外强烈阳光下使用,手机改变方向或是利用手、身体都可以遮盖阳光,然而固定在车内的液晶显示器却无法任意改变方向,因此要求画面辉度必须超过阳光。

  类似汽车导航仪的触控面板粘贴在画面上,触控面板会造成穿透率下降,此外触控面板的表面会反射外部光线,导致液晶显示器的可视度降低。

  虽然日本SHARP公司将触控传感器制作在薄膜晶体管周围,试图以此改善触控面板的光线穿透率与反射问题,不过这样会使制程与制作成本变得更复杂、昂贵。

  车用液晶显示器的辉度通常都很高,某些液晶显示器内嵌(In-panel)穿透率低于50%的保护亚克力板,高级车配合整体设计,引擎未启动时液晶显示器画面呈全黑状,这种情况汽车厂商特别需要高辉度的液晶显示器。

  一般液晶显示器将450~500cd/m2的辉度当作标准值,某些情况要求450~500cd/m2以上,甚至超过1000cd/m2以上的规格,主要原因是液晶显示器的穿透率有一定极限,因此必须大幅提高背光照明模块的辉度。车用液晶显示器与手机、NB、PC的另外一个差异是辉度的角度特性,因为车用液晶显示器的配光特性非常特殊。手机、NB、PC与其它个人用电子设备大多将显示画面当作正面使用,只要维持正面辉度作为商品就没问题,不过车用的场合液晶显示器大多固定在仪表板侧面,从驾驶员与助手席大约30度的角度观赏画面,因此汽车与手机用途的配光特性截然不同,不过这些特性可以透过背光模块构成组件的光学膜片组合获得。

  车用液晶显示器若与手机比较,即使相同画面面积,光源要求的辉度大约是:正面辉度的比大约2倍×配光特性构成的比大约1.4倍=2.8倍

  此处以7寸车用液晶显示器与2.75寸手机用液晶显示器为例,上述2.8倍需要再乘上两者画面显示范围的面积比大约8.6倍,接着再依此单纯计算车用液晶显示器的光源大约需要24倍,换句话说车用背光照明模块的消费电力、发热、成本,都比小型携带用机器大非常多。

  CCFL与LED辉度的显示特性

  车用液晶显示器背光照明模块的光源主要使用冷阴极灯管(CCFL),低温时特别是点灯后数分~数十分辉度才会体现,例如-20℃点灯开始的辉度是常温稳定状态的10~20%左右,因此冷阴极灯管方式的液晶显示器,低辉度一直被视为重大课题。到目前为止液晶面板厂商曾经针对背光照明模块设计各种对策,例如降低冷阴极灯管的气体压力、电流调节器(Boost),不过一般认为根本解决对策是背光照明模块LED化。

  其实手机背光照明模块的光源从开始就使用LED,车用背光照 明模块迟迟未使用LED光源,主要原因分别如下:

  受到辉度、配光特性、画面大小总合的影响,车用液晶显示器要求的能量非常大,加上以往LED的发光效率很低,因此LED的消费电力一直都比冷阴极灯管方式高。

  在车用的温度条件下为确保可靠性,每个LED的最大容许电流、温度必须大幅降低,亦即高温时施加的最大电流值必须降至常温的60~710%,辉度降低的部份则增加LED的使用数量维持辉度。

  恶化循环的结果,造成LED背光照明模块的制作成本暴增。

  最近几年LED的发光效率大幅提升,2005年LED的消费电力终于实现与冷阴极灯管相同水平,开始被当作车用背光照明模块的光源使用。

  背光照明模块的LED化,首先解除低温时的辉度特性课题,此外变成环保负担物质的水银也完全被排除,尤其是全球各大汽车公司一直向环保行动融入、参与视为重要的课题。

  基于LED背光照明模块的制作成本限制,目前汽车导航仪与低价机型还未立即普及化,不过随着LED的发光效率提升与高可靠性的落实,今后背光照明模块会全部LED化。

  反应速度

  最近大型液晶电视的液晶显示器反应速度经常成为话题的焦点,主要原因是大型液晶电视对运动等快速移动的画面容易发生残影影响画质,不过这个问题只是单纯室温下的现象。

  车用液晶显示器争论的是-20℃与-30℃时的反应速度,液晶低温时粘度会增加,反应速度则急速降低。此外车用液晶显示器的画面尺寸比液晶电视小,而且不要求大型液晶电视的高画质化,因此常温时无法成为讨论的对象。

  低温时的反应速度一旦低于150ms,例如电影中汽车突然碾过脚踏车时,就无法清楚识别该场景,某些场合还会发生液晶显示器显示的指针等行车数据模糊,无法识别读取等危险状况。

  为解决上述问题,要求液晶材料温度特性范围非常宽广,车用液晶材料使用-40℃以下凝固温度的材料,不过液晶一旦接近该凝固温度时粘度会急速增加,因此液晶材料必须低粘度化,同时使挟持液晶材料的2片玻璃基板间隙变窄,因为窄液晶间隙化对液晶的反应速度有很大的帮助,不过以窄液晶间隙控制方式生产液晶显示器,对良品率也会发生一定的影响。

  液晶显示器的反应速度随着液晶的显示模式有很大的差异,以往车用液晶显示器以TN液晶主流,TN液晶的低温反应速度非常优秀,设计上比较容易实现低成本化,相较之下追求高画质的ASV(Advanced Super View)液晶,黑白之间的反应速度媲美TN液晶,不过黑与灰色等中间色级的反应速度却很迟缓,解决对策例如追加过驱动(Overshoot drive)电路,就可以克服色级之间的差异。

  其它液晶显示器厂商高画质面板使用的IPS(In Plane Switching)液晶,并无类似ASV液晶中间色级迟缓问题,而且任何色级都没有明显差异,不过液晶整体在低温时还称不上高速反应,一般认为IPS液晶未来势必采用与ASV液晶+过驱动相同的技术,才能够有效改善液晶显示器的反应速度。

  车用LCD的发展动向

  高画质化

  汽车导航仪开始普及逐渐成为所谓的日常性商品,普及机型除了维持原本的特性之外,成本反而变得最为重要。

  高级机型却持续高画质化发展,主要理由第一是家用液晶电视不断向高画质进化,造成高级汽车持有者也希望追求高画质的车用显示器,第二是高画质的根本手段是提高影像的对比使黑色画面更黑,即使夜间显示黑色画面,背光模块的光线也不会漏光,可以完全融入周围环境与设计。

车用液晶面板的设计技巧

  图1 高对比的汽车仪表板设计范例

  所谓对比特性是以“白色辉度”/“黑色辉度”百分比的方式计算,换句话说无限制使对比的数值变大,可以使黑色显示的影像无限接近黑色。

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车用液晶面板的设计技巧

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