Table of Contents
        一外键约束的参照操作" >        一外键约束的参照操作
       二更新外键约束的字段准备工作" >       二更新外键约束的字段准备工作
       (1)创建一个子表users1" >       (1)创建一个子表users1
      (2)在父表provinces插入记录并且查看父表的记录信息:" >      (2)在父表provinces插入记录并且查看父表的记录信息:
      (3)在子表users1插入记录:" >      (3)在子表users1插入记录:
      三外键约束下的删除操作" >      三外键约束下的删除操作
      四更新操作参考" >      四更新操作参考
      (1)ON DELETE操作" >      (1)ON DELETE操作
       (2)ON UPDATE操作" >       (2)ON UPDATE操作
       五表级约束与列级约束" >       五表级约束与列级约束
Home Database Mysql Tutorial MySQL学习10:外键约束下的更新操作

MySQL学习10:外键约束下的更新操作

Jun 07, 2016 pm 02:51 PM
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上一篇只是讲述了外键约束的要求,并没有讲述外键约束的参照操作。这一次我来看看外键约束下的更新操作。 一外键约束的参照操作 我们进行外键约束的创建以后,在更新表的时候,子表是否也进行相应的更新。这是我们创建外键约束最大的好 处。有以下几种: 1)C

        上一篇只是讲述了外键约束的要求,并没有讲述外键约束的参照操作。这一次我来看看外键约束下的更新操作。

        一外键约束的参照操作

       我们进行外键约束的创建以后,在更新表的时候,子表是否也进行相应的更新。这是我们创建外键约束最大的好

处。有以下几种:

       1)CASCADE:从父表删除或更新且自动删除或更新子表中匹配的行。

       2)SET NULL:从父表删除或更新行,并设置子表中的外键列为NULL。如果使用该选项,必须保证子表列没有指

定NOT NULL。

       3)RESTRICT:拒绝对父表的删除或更新操作。

       4)NO ACTION:标准SQL的关键字,在MySQL中与RESTRICT相同。

       二更新外键约束的字段准备工作

       (1)创建一个子表users1

       CREATE TABLE users1(

          id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

          username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

          pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED,

          FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) ON DELETE CASCADE

       ); 

      SHOW CREATE TABLE users1;



      (2)在父表provinces插入记录并且查看父表的记录信息:

      INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('A');

      INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('B');

      INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('C');

      SELECT * FROM provinces;


      (3)在子表users1插入记录:

      INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Tom',3);

      INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('John',3);

      INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Tom',6);

      INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Rose',1);

      SELECT * FROM users1;


      由上面结果知道:如果外键列pid字段的数字大于3就不会插入记录,这是因为外键列pid字段参照的是父表

provinces中的参照列id字段,既然父表中id字段只存在3条,那么子表users1中插入的pid字段当然不能大于3;但是插

入记录会存在索引,这就是上面结果显示的原因,也是id字段为1,2,4的原因。

      三外键约束下的删除操作

      假设我们把provinces数据表中的id=3的记录删除

      DELETE FROM provinces WHERE id=3;

      SELECT * FROM provinces; 

      SELECT * FROM users1;


      既然删除做到了,那么更新数据也会做到同样的效果,这里就不再进行举例说明。

      四更新操作参考

      (1)ON DELETE操作

      RESTRICT(约束):当在父表(即外键的来源表)中删除对应记录时,首先检查该记录是否有对应外键,如果有则不

允许删除。

      NO ACTION:意思同RESTRICT,即如果存在从数据,不允许删除主数据。

      CASCADE(级联):当在父表(即外键的来源表)中删除对应记录时,首先检查该记录否有对应外键,如果有则也删

除外键在子表(即包含外键的表)中的记录。

      SET NULL:当在父表(即外键的来源表)中删除对应记录时,首先检查该记录是否有对应外键,如果有则设置子表

中该外键值为null(不过这就要求该外键允许取null)。

       (2)ON UPDATE操作

       RESTRICT(约束):当在父表(即外键的来源表)中更新对应记录时,首先检查该记录是否有对应外键,如果有则

不允许更新。

       NO ACTION:意思同RESTRICT。

       CASCADE(级联):当在父表(即外键的来源表)中更新对应记录时,首先检查该记录是否有对应外键,如果有则也

更新外键在子表(即包含外键的表)中的记录。

       SET NULL:当在父表(即外键的来源表)中更新对应记录时,首先检查该记录是否有对应外键,如果有则设置子

中该外键值为null(不过这就要求该外键允许取null)。

       注:NO ACTION和RESTRICT的区别:只有在及个别的情况下会导致区别,前者是在其他约束的动作之后执

行,后者具有最高的优先权执行。

       五表级约束与列级约束

       按照参照数目的多少来划分:分为表级约束和列级约束。

       对一个数据列建立的约束,称为列级约束。列级约束既可以在列定义时声明,也可以在列定义后声明。

       对多个数据列建立的约束,称为表级约束。表级约束只能在列定义后声明。

       使用表级约束和列级约束需要注意的是:

       1NOT NULL约束和DEFAULT约束不存在表级约束。其余的约束都存在列级约束和表级约束。

       2实际开发过程中,列级约束使用的较多,表级约束很少使用。




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