


Example of how flask_sqlalchemy operates the database in python
This article brings you an example of how flask_sqlalchemy operates the database in Python. It has certain reference value. Friends in need can refer to it. I hope it will be helpful to you.
flask_sqlalchemy
Uses the Object-Relational Mapper (ORM) framework, which abstracts low-level database operation instructions into high-level object-oriented operations. In other words, if we use the database engine directly, we have to write SQL operation statements, but if we use the ORM framework, we can simplify the operation of database entities such as tables and documents into Python object operations
SQLAlchemy has become the standard for ORM in the Python world. Flask is a lightweight web framework that can be freely used with ORM. Flask-sqlalchemy is a plug-in specifically designed for Flask.
In Flask-SQLAlchemy, the database is specified using a URL.
MySQL --> mysql://username:password@hostname/database
Installation
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
Database operation
##1. How to create a database operation connection
from flask import Flask from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy app = Flask(__name__) db = SQLAlchemy(app) app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql+pymysql://root:sheen@localhost/zaj_sql' app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = True class User(db.Model): id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) username = db.Column(db.String(80), unique=True) email = db.Column(db.String(120), unique=True)
db.create_all()
admin = User('admin', 'admin@example.com') guest = User('guest', 'guest@example.com')
db.session.add(admin) db.session.add(guest) db.session.commit()
2. Create relationships Type database table
SQLAlchemy is connected to a relational database. The best thing about relational data is relationships. Therefore, we will create an application that uses two related tables as an example.The most common relationship is the one-to-many relationship. Because relationships are declared before they are created, you can use strings to refer to classes that have not yet been created
Relationships are represented using the relationship() function. However, foreign keys must be declared separately using the class sqlalchemy.schema.ForeignKey.
from datetime import datetime from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap from flask_wtf import FlaskForm from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy from flask import Flask import pymysql from sqlalchemy import desc app = Flask(__name__) db = SQLAlchemy(app) app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql+pymysql://root:sheen@localhost/zaj_sql' app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = True bootstrap = Bootstrap(app) class User(db.Model): id = db.Column(db.Integer,autoincrement=True,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(50),unique=True) passwd = db.Column(db.String(100)) add_time = db.Column(db.DATETIME,default=datetime.now()) gender = db.Column(db.BOOLEAN,default=True) role_id = db.Column(db.INTEGER,db.ForeignKey('role.id')) def __repr__(self): return '<user:>' %(self.name) class Role(db.Model): id = db.Column(db.INTEGER,autoincrement=True,primary_key=True) name = db.Column(db.String(50),unique=True) users = db.relationship('User',backref='role') # 给Role模型添加users属性 # backref 是定义反向引用 def __repr__(self): return '<role:>' % (self.name) if __name__ =='__main__': # 1. 创建数据库表 # db.drop_all() # db.create_all() # # 2. 创建role数据库表数据 role_1 = Role(name='超级会员') role_2 = Role(name='普通会员') db.session.add(role_1) db.session.add(role_2) db.session.commit() # # # 3. 添加user表内数据,100个用户,50个为超级会员,50个为普通会员 for i in range(1,13): if i%2 == 0: u = User(name='sheen'+str(i),passwd='sheen',role_id=1) db.session.add(u) else: u = User(name='star'+str(i),passwd='star',role_id=2) db.session.add(u) db.session.commit()</role:></user:>
print('角色',Role.query.all()) print('用户',User.query.all())
# select * from tablename where xxx=xxxxx print(User.query.filter_by(role_id=1).all()) print(Role.query.filter_by().all()) print(User.query.filter_by(role_id=2).all())
print('进行数据更新',end='\n') u =User.query.filter_by(name='sheen2').first() print(u) u.passwd = '123' db.session.add(u) db.session.commit()
print('数据筛选', end='\n') user = User.query.filter(User.role_id==1) print(user)
print('限制查询数据的显示', end='\n') users = User.query.filter_by(role_id=1).limit(3).all() print(users)
print('数据再处理', end='\n') users = User.query.filter_by(role_id=1).order_by(desc(User.name)).all() print(users)
print('多个过滤函数', end='\n') users = User.query.filter_by(role_id=1).order_by(desc(User.name)).limit(3).offset(1).all() print(users) users = User.query.filter_by(role_id=1).order_by(desc(User.name)).slice(1,4).all() print(users)
print('分页显示', end='\n') users = User.query.paginate(1,5) print(users.items) users = User.query.paginate(2, 5) print(users.items)
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