Django Stack 入門：建立完整項目

If you're new to the Python world, and you're wondering what the heck Django is, here's an article that might help as a practical introduction.

Django is like that toolkit you wish you always had. It makes building powerful, scalable web applications not only possible but genuinely fun. And guess what? You don’t need to be an expert to get started.

In this guide, we're going to take a hands-on approach to create a complete Django project from scratch. By the end, you'll have your own fully functioning web app that you can tweak and improve. Let's dive right in!

For a detailed overview of the Django stack, you can visit this page on Code Clash.

Prerequisites

Before you get started, you'll need a few things installed on your computer:

1. Python 3.x: Django requires Python 3.x to work properly.
2. pip: This is Python's package manager, and you'll use it to install Django and other packages.
3. Virtualenv (optional but highly recommended): It helps you create isolated environments so you can keep the dependencies of different projects separate.

If you don’t have Python yet, you can download it from python.org.

Step 1: Set Up Your Environment

First things first—we need to set up a virtual environment for our Django project. This will keep all our project dependencies in one place and ensure they don't interfere with other projects on your system.

To create a virtual environment, run the following command:

# Create a virtual environment
python -m venv myenv

# Activate the virtual environment
# On Windows
myenv\Scripts\activate

# On macOS/Linux
source myenv/bin/activate

Once your virtual environment is activated, go ahead and install Django:

pip install django

And just like that, you’re ready to start building!

Step 2: Create a New Django Project

Let’s kick off by creating a new Django project. Run the following command to create the project:

django-admin startproject myproject

This command will generate a new directory called myproject, and it will contain the following structure:

myproject/
    manage.py
    myproject/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py
        asgi.py
        wsgi.py

• manage.py: A script that helps you manage the project (e.g., starting the server, migrating databases).
• settings.py: Contains all the configuration settings for your Django project, like database info and installed apps.
• urls.py: Where you map URLs to their corresponding views.

Step 3: Run the Development Server

Okay, time to see if everything is working. Navigate into your project folder and start the development server:

cd myproject
python manage.py runserver

Now, open your browser and go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/. You should see the default Django welcome page, complete with a rocketship. This means your project is up and running—awesome!

Step 4: Create a Django App

Django projects are like big boxes, and inside those boxes, we have smaller boxes called "apps." Apps are modular components of your project, like a blog, a user authentication system, or an e-commerce module.

Let’s create an app called blog by running this command:

python manage.py startapp blog

This will create a new folder named blog containing files like views.py, models.py, and others to help you organize your code.

To let Django know about your new app, add 'blog' to the INSTALLED_APPS list in myproject/settings.py:

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'blog',
]

Step 5: Define Models

A model in Django is simply a Python class that defines how your data is structured. Open blog/models.py and define a simple model for a blog post:

from django.db import models

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    content = models.TextField()
    date_created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

• title: A short text field for the post title.
• content: A longer text field for the post content.
• date_created: Automatically stores the date when the post is created.

Now, we need to apply these changes to our database by running the following commands:

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

These commands will create the necessary database tables for the Post model.

Step 6: Create Views and Templates

A view is where the logic happens. It takes a request and returns a response, often rendering an HTML page. Let’s create a view to display all blog posts. Open blog/views.py and add:

from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Post

def home(request):
    posts = Post.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'blog/home.html', {'posts': posts})

This home view retrieves all the posts from the database and sends them to a template called home.html.

Next, let’s create the template. Inside the blog/ directory, create a folder called templates/blog/ and add a file named home.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Blog Home</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Blog Posts</h1>
    {% for post in posts %}
        <div>
            <h2>{{ post.title }}</h2>
            <p>{{ post.content }}</p>
            <small>Published on: {{ post.date_created }}</small>
        </div>
    {% endfor %}
</body>
</html>

This HTML code will display all the posts with their title, content, and creation date.

Step 7: Set Up URL Routing

Now, we need to set up URL routing to connect the views to the right URLs. In the blog/ directory, create a file named urls.py (if it doesn't exist) and add:

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.home, name='blog-home'),
]

Then, include the blog URLs in the main project’s urls.py file:

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('blog.urls')),
]

This way, when someone visits the root URL, Django will serve the home view from the blog app.

Step 8: Test Your Application

You’re almost there! Let’s run the server again and see if our blog works:

python manage.py runserver

Go back to http://127.0.0.1:8000/ in your browser, and you should see a list of all your blog posts—congratulations, you’ve built your first Django app!

Additional Resources

• Django Documentation - The official documentation is a treasure trove of information and examples.
• Python-Anaconda Stack - Learn how Python can be used with Anaconda for data science.
• Best Frameworks for Web Development - Explore the best web development frameworks, including Django.

Conclusion

In this guide, we walked through setting up a Django environment, creating a new project, and building a simple blogging app. Django has a lot of built-in features that make web development faster and easier, so you can focus on building what matters most. If you’re ready for more, check out Code Clash’s Django Stack page to dive deeper into the world of Django.

Happy coding, and welcome to the Django community!

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