使用這些專案涵蓋所有 Python 基礎知識 |從測驗到密碼管理器。

製作專案是將所學知識付諸實踐的最佳方式。雖然這些項目看起來簡單易行，但它們在奠定 Python 程式設計的堅實基礎方面發揮著至關重要的作用。我創建了這些專案來涵蓋 Python 的大部分基礎知識，確保任何人都可以透過實踐練習來學習和提高他們的編碼技能。

1. 問答遊戲

這是什麼？ 一個簡單的問答遊戲，電腦提出問題，玩家回答。

使用的概念：

• 列表和元組
• 隨機模組
• 循環
• 條件語句
• 使用者輸入處理
• 分數追蹤

工作原理：遊戲開始時歡迎玩家並詢問​​他們是否想玩。然後它會從預先定義的列表中提出一系列隨機問題。玩家的答案將被檢查，他們的分數也會隨之更新。遊戲會針對每個答案提供回饋，並在最後顯示最終分數。

import random  # Import the random module for shuffling

print("Welcome to the Quiz Game")  # Print welcome message
wanna_play = input("Do you want to play the game (yes/no): ").lower()  # Ask if the user wants to play
if wanna_play != 'yes':  # If user does not want to play, quit
    quit()
print("Okay, then! Let's play")  # Print message to start the game

# Creating a list of tuples containing questions and answers 
question_answer_pairs = [
    ("What does CPU stand for?", "Central Processing Unit"),
    ("Which programming language is known as the 'mother of all languages'?", "C"),
    ("What does HTML stand for?", "HyperText Markup Language"),
    # ... (more questions)
]

# Shuffle the list of tuples to ensure random order
random.shuffle(question_answer_pairs)

score = 0

# Iterate through the shuffled list of tuples 
for question, correct_answer in question_answer_pairs:
    user_answer = input(f"{question} ").strip()  # Ask the question and get user input
    if user_answer.lower() == correct_answer.lower():  # Check if the answer is correct
        print("Correct answer")
        score += 1  # Increase score for a correct answer
    else:
        print(f"Incorrect answer. The correct answer is: {correct_answer}")
        score -= 1  # Decrease score for an incorrect answer
    print(f"Current Score: {score}")

# Print the final score
print(f"Quiz over! Your final score is {score}/{len(question_answer_pairs)}")

2. 猜數字遊戲（電腦猜）

這是什麼？ 一種猜數字遊戲，電腦嘗試猜測使用者選擇的數字。

使用的概念：

• 功能
• 循環
• 條件語句
• 使用者輸入處理
• 二分查找演算法

工作原理：使用者定義一個範圍並選擇該範圍內的數字。然後，電腦使用二分搜尋方法來猜測數字，使用者提供關於猜測是否過高、過低或正確的回饋。遊戲繼續進行，直到電腦猜對或確定數字超出指定範圍。

def guess_number():
    """
    Function where the computer attempts to guess a number chosen by the user within a specified range.

    The user defines the lower and upper bounds of the range and provides a number for the computer to guess.
    The computer uses a binary search approach to guess the number and the user provides feedback to guide it.
    """
    # Get the lower bound of the range from the user
    low = int(input("Enter the lower range: "))
    # Get the upper bound of the range from the user
    high = int(input("Enter the higher range: "))

    # Check if the provided range is valid
    if low >= high:
        print("Invalid range. The higher range must be greater than the lower range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the range is invalid

    # Get the number from the user that the computer will attempt to guess
    Your_number = int(input(f"Enter your number for the computer to guess between {low} and {high}: "))

    # Check if the number entered by the user is within the specified range
    if Your_number < low or Your_number > high:
        print("The number you entered is out of the specified range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the number is out of the range

    # Initialize the computer's guess variable
    computer_guess = None

    # Loop until the computer guesses the correct number
    while computer_guess != Your_number:
        # Compute the computer's guess as the midpoint of the current range
        computer_guess = (low + high) // 2
        print(f"The computer guesses: {computer_guess}")

        # Get feedback from the user about the computer's guess
        feedback = input(f"Is {computer_guess} too low, too high, or correct? (Enter 'h' for higher, 'l' for lower, 'c' for correct): ").strip().lower()

        # Process the user's feedback to adjust the guessing range
        if feedback == 'c':
            if computer_guess == Your_number:
                print("The computer guessed your number correctly! Congrats!")
                return  # Exit the function once the correct number is guessed
            else:
                continue  
        elif feedback == 'h':
            high = computer_guess - 1  # If the guess is too high, lower the upper range
        elif feedback == 'l':
            low = computer_guess + 1  # If the guess is too low, increase the lower range
        else:
            print("Invalid feedback, please enter 'h', 'l', or 'c'.")  # Handle invalid feedback

# Call the function to start the guessing game
guess_number()

3. 猜數字遊戲（使用者猜測）

這是什麼？ 一種猜數字遊戲，使用者試著猜測隨機產生的數字。

使用的概念：

• 功能
• 隨機模組
• 循環
• 條件語句
• 異常處理
• 使用者輸入驗證

工作原理：電腦產生指定範圍內的隨機數。然後用戶進行猜測，程式會提供有關猜測是否過高或過低的回饋。遊戲將繼續，直到用戶猜出正確的數字或決定退出。

import random  # Import the random module to use its functions for generating random numbers

def guess_random_number(number):
    """
    Function to allow the user to guess a random number between 1 and the specified `number`.
    This function generates a random integer between 1 and the provided `number` (inclusive).
    It then repeatedly prompts the user to guess the random number, providing feedback on whether
    the guess is too high or too low, until the correct number is guessed. The function handles
    invalid inputs by catching exceptions and informing the user to enter a valid integer.
    """
    # Generate a random number between 1 and the specified `number` (inclusive)
    random_number = random.randint(1, number)
    guess = None  # Initialize the variable `guess` to None before starting the loop

    # Loop until the user guesses the correct number
    while guess != random_number:
        try:
            # Prompt the user to enter a number between 1 and `number`
            guess = int(input(f"Enter a number between 1 and {number}: "))

            # Provide feedback based on whether the guess is too low or too high
            if guess < random_number:
                print("Too low, guess a greater number.")
            elif guess > random_number:
                print("Too high, guess a smaller number.")

        except ValueError:
            # Handle the case where the user inputs something that isn't an integer
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid integer.")

    # Congratulate the user once they guess the correct number
    print("You have guessed the random number correctly. Congrats!")

# Call the function with an upper limit of 10
guess_random_number(10)

4. 劊子手遊戲

這是什麼？ 一款經典的猜詞遊戲，玩家嘗試逐個字母猜測隱藏的單字。

使用的概念：

• 導入模組
• 從清單中隨機選擇
• 字串操作
• 循環
• 條件語句
• 列表理解

工作原理：遊戲從預定義清單中隨機選擇一個單字。然後玩家一次猜測一個字母。正確的猜測會揭示字母在單字中的位置，而錯誤的猜測會減少玩家的剩餘生命。當玩家猜出整個單字或生命耗盡時，遊戲結束。

import random
from word_list import words  # Import the words from word_list.py file

def hangman():
    random_word = random.choice(words)  # Generate the random word
    print(random_word)  # Print the chosen word for testing purposes; remove in production

    word_display = ["_"] * len(random_word)  # Create blank lines "_" equal to the length of the word
    guessed_letters = []  # Empty list to store the letters that have been guessed
    lives = 5  # Number of lives for the player

    print("Welcome to Hangman!")  # Print welcome statement
    print(" ".join(word_display))  # Display the current state of the word

    while lives > 0:  # The game continues to run as long as the player has more than 0 lives
        user_guess = input("Enter a single letter for your guess: ").lower()  # Ask the player to input a letter

        # Check whether the player entered a valid input
        if len(user_guess) != 1 or not user_guess.isalpha():
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a single letter.")
            continue

        # Check if the letter has already been guessed
        if user_guess in guessed_letters:
            print(f"You've already guessed '{user_guess}'. Try another guess.")
            continue

        # Add the guessed letter to the guessed_letters list
        guessed_letters.append(user_guess)

        # Check if the guessed letter is in the random_word
        if user_guess in random_word:
            # Update word_display with the correctly guessed letter
            for index, letter in enumerate(random_word):
                if letter == user_guess:
                    word_display[index] = user_guess
            print("Good guess!")
        else:
            lives -= 1  # Reduce the number of remaining lives by 1 for an incorrect guess
            print(f"Wrong guess! Remaining lives: {lives}")

        # Display the current state of the word
        print(" ".join(word_display))

        # Check if the player has guessed all letters
        if "_" not in word_display:
            print("Congratulations, you guessed the word!")
            break

    else:
        # This runs if no lives are left
        print(f"You have run out of lives. The word was: {random_word}")

hangman()  # Function to start the game

5.石頭剪刀布

這是什麼？ 一款經典的「石頭、剪刀、布」遊戲，使用者可以與電腦對戰。

使用的概念：

• 循環
• 條件語句
• 功能
• 隨機模組
• 使用者輸入處理

工作原理：使用者選擇石頭、布或剪刀，而電腦也會隨機選擇其中一個選項。然後程式會比較選擇，確定獲勝者，並詢問使用者是否想再玩一次。

import random  # Import the random module to generate random choices for the computer.

def playGame():
    while True:  # Infinite loop to keep the game running until the user decides to stop.
        # Ask the user to enter their choice and convert it to lowercase.
        user_choice = input("Enter 'r' for rock, 'p' for paper, 's' for scissors: ").strip().lower()

        # Check if the user input is valid (i.e., 'r', 'p', or 's').
        if user_choice not in ['r', 'p', 's']:
            print("Invalid Input. Please try again.")
            continue  # If the input is invalid, restart the loop.

        print(f"You chose {user_choice}")  # Display the user's choice.

        # Computer randomly picks one of the choices ('r', 'p', 's').
        computer_choice = random.choice(['r', 'p', 's'])
        print(f"The computer chose {computer_choice}")  # Display the computer's choice.

        # Check if the user's choice is the same as the computer's choice.
        if user_choice == computer_choice:
            print("It's a tie.")  # It's a tie if both choices are the same.
        elif _iswinner(user_choice, computer_choice):
            print("You won!")  # The user wins if their choice beats the computer's choice.
        else:
            print("You lost.")  # The user loses if the computer's choice beats theirs.

        # Ask the user if they want to play again.
        play_again = input("Do you want to play again? Enter 'yes' or 'no': ").strip().lower()

        # If the user doesn't enter 'yes', end the game.
        if play_again != 'yes':
            print("Thank you for playing!")  # Thank the user for playing.
            break  # Exit the loop and end the game.

def _iswinner(user, computer):
    # Determine if the user's choice beats the computer's choice.
    # Rock ('r') beats Scissors ('s'), Scissors ('s') beat Paper ('p'), Paper ('p') beats Rock ('r').
    if (user == "r" and computer == "s") or (user == "p" and computer == "r") or (user == "s" and computer == "p"):
        return True  # Return True if the user wins.

# Start the game by calling the playGame function.
playGame()

6. 2 使用者井字釘

它是什麼 Tic-Tac-Toe 是一款經典的兩人遊戲，玩家輪流在 3x3 網格上標記空格。目標是成為第一個在水平、垂直或對角線上連續獲得三個分數的人。當一名玩家達到這一目標時，或者當網格上的所有空格都填滿而沒有獲勝者時，遊戲結束，導致平局。

*使用的概念：*

• 函數定義與呼叫
• 資料結構（二維列表）
• 循環（for、while）
• 條件語句（if、else）
• 輸入處理與驗證
• 遊戲狀態管理
• 字串格式
• 異常處理

def print_board(board):
    """Prints the game board in a structured format with borders."""
    print("\n+---+---+---+")  # Print the top border of the board
    for row in board:
        # print each row with cell values separated by borders
        print("| " + " | ".join(row) + " |")
        # print the border after each row
        print("+---+---+---+")

def check_winner(board):
    """Checks for a winner or a draw."""
    # define all possible winning lines: rows, columns, and diagonals
    lines = [
        [board[0][0], board[0][1], board[0][2]],  # Row 1
        [board[1][0], board[1][1], board[1][2]],  # Row 2
        [board[2][0], board[2][1], board[2][2]],  # Row 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][0], board[2][0]],  # Column 1
        [board[0][1], board[1][1], board[2][1]],  # Column 2
        [board[0][2], board[1][2], board[2][2]],  # Column 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][1], board[2][2]],  # Diagonal from top-left to bottom-right
        [board[0][2], board[1][1], board[2][0]]   # Diagonal from top-right to bottom-left
    ]

    # Check each line to see if all three cells are the same and not empty
    for line in lines:
        if line[0] == line[1] == line[2] and line[0] != ' ':
            return line[0]  # Return the player ('X' or 'O') who has won

    # Check if all cells are filled and there is no winner
    if all(cell != ' ' for row in board for cell in row):
        return 'Draw'  # Return 'Draw' if the board is full and no winner

    return None  # Return None if no winner and the game is not a draw

def main():
    """Main function to play the Tic Tac Toe game."""
    # Initialize the board with empty spaces
    board = [[' ' for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
    current_player = 'X'  # Start with player 'X'

    while True:
        print_board(board)  # Print the current state of the board

        try:
            # Prompt the current player for their move
            move = input(f"Player {current_player}, enter your move (1-9): ")
            move = int(move)  # Convert the input to an integer

            # Check if the move is valid (between 1 and 9)
            if move < 1 or move > 9:
                print("Invalid move, try again.")
                continue  # Ask for a new move

        except ValueError:
            # Handle cases where the input is not an integer
            print("Invalid move, try again.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Convert the move number to board coordinates (row, col)
        row, col = divmod(move - 1, 3)

        # Check if the cell is already occupied
        if board[row][col] != ' ':
            print("Cell already occupied. Choose a different cell.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Place the current player's mark on the board
        board[row][col] = current_player

        # Check if there is a winner or if the game is a draw
        winner = check_winner(board)

        if winner:
            print_board(board)  # Print the final board state
            if winner == 'Draw':
                print("The game is a draw!")
            else:
                print(f"Player {winner} wins!")  # Announce the winner
            break  # End the game

        # Switch players
        current_player = 'O' if current_player == 'X' else 'X'

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()  # Start the game

7. 密碼管理器

它是什麼？ 一個簡單的密碼管理器，允許使用者儲存和檢索加密的密碼。

Concepts used:

• File I/O operations
• Encryption using the cryptography library
• Functions
• Exception handling
• User input handling
• Loops

How it works: The program uses the Fernet symmetric encryption from the cryptography library to securely store passwords. Users can add new passwords or view existing ones. Passwords are stored in an encrypted format in a text file, and decrypted when viewed.

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# The write_key function generates an encryption key and saves it to a file.
# It's currently commented out, but you need to run it once to create the 'key.key' file.
'''
def write_key():
    key = Fernet.generate_key()
    with open("key.key", "wb") as key_file:
        key_file.write(key)
'''

def load_key():
    """This function loads the encryption key from the 'key.key' file."""
    file = open("key.key", "rb")
    key = file.read()
    file.close()
    return key

# Load the key and create a Fernet object
key = load_key()
fer = Fernet(key)

def view():
    """Function to view stored passwords in the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    with open('passwords.txt', 'r') as f:
        for line in f.readlines():
            data = line.rstrip()
            user, passw = data.split("|")
            decrypted_password = fer.decrypt(passw.encode()).decode()
            print("User:", user, "| Password:", decrypted_password)

def add():
    """Function to add new account names and passwords to the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    name = input('Account Name: ')
    pwd = input("Password: ")
    with open('passwords.txt', 'a') as f:
        encrypted_password = fer.encrypt(pwd.encode()).decode()
        f.write(name + "|" + encrypted_password + "\n")

# Main loop to ask the user what they want to do: view passwords, add new passwords, or quit
while True:
    mode = input(
        "Would you like to add a new password or view existing ones (view, add), press q to quit? ").lower()

    if mode == "q":
        break
    if mode == "view":
        view()
    elif mode == "add":
        add()
    else:
        print("Invalid mode.")
        continue

Thanks for stopping and reading the blog.
Github Repo : https://github.com/iamdipsan/Python-Projects

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