Code examples of variables and operators in python
This article brings you code examples about variables and operators in python. It has certain reference value. Friends in need can refer to it. I hope it will be helpful to you.
What is a variable
Assume two lists to perform mathematical operations
>>> [1,2,3,4,5,6] [1,2,3] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module> [1,2,3,4,5,6] [1,2,3] TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not tuple //A B,先把A乘以3,然后加上B,最后再加上列表A >>> [1,2,3,4,5,6]*3+[1,2,3]+[1,2,3,4,5,6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> A = [1,2,3,4,5,6] >>> print(A) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> B = [1,2,3] >>> A*3 + B + A [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Naming rules for variable names
Variable names can only use letters, numbers, and underscores
>>> 1a = 2 //变量名的首字母不能是数字 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> A2 = '1' >>> _2 = '1' >>> A*B='1' SyntaxError: can't assign to operator
System keywords, cannot be used in variable names Reserved keywords
>>> and = 1 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> if = 2 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> import = 3 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> type = 3 //type不是系统保留关键字,但是不建议作为变量名,否则极易出错 >>> print(type) 3 >>> type = 1 >>> type(1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module> type(1) TypeError: 'int' object is not callable >>> 1(1) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module> 1(1) TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
Features of python dynamic language, not required when declaring Specify the variable type
>>> a = '1' >>> a = 1 >>> a = (1,2,3) >>> a = {1,2,3}
Value type and reference type
int, str, and tuple are value types (immutable), and list, set, and dict are reference types (can Change)
1.int
>>> a = 1 >>> b = a >>> a = 3 >>> print(b) 1
2.list
>>> a = [1,2,3,4,5] >>> b = a >>> a[0] = '1' >>> print(a) ['1', 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> print(b) ['1', 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> a = [1,2,3] >>> id(a) 4405825224 >>> hex(id(a)) '0x1069b8ec8' >>> a[0]='1' >>> id(a) 4405825224 >>>
3.str
>>> a = 'hello' >>> a = a + 'python' //a加上一个新的字符串,不再是原来的字符串了 >>> print(a) hellopython >>> b = 'hello' >>> id(b) 4405534032 >>> b = b + 'python' //加上新的字符串后,id改变 >>> id(b) 4355329456 >>> 'python'[0] 'p' >>> 'python'[0]='o' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module> 'python'[0]='o' TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
4.tuple
>>> a = (1,2,3) >>> a[0] = '1' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#21>", line 1, in <module> a[0] = '1' TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment >>> b = [1,2,3] >>> b.append(4) >>> print(b) [1, 2, 3, 4] >>> c = (1,2,3) >>> c.append(4) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module> c.append(4) AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append' >>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,4]) >>> a[2] 3 >>> a[3] [1, 2, 4] >>> a[3][2] 4 >>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,['a','b','c']]) >>> a[3][2][1] 'b' >>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,4]) >>> a[2] = '3' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module> a[2] = '3' TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment >>> a[3][2] = '4' >>> print(a) //元组内的列表可变 (1, 2, 3, [1, 2, '4'])
Operator
1. Arithmetic operators: ,-,*,/,//,%,**
>>> 'hello'+'world' 'helloworld' >>> [1,2,3]*3 [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] >>> 3-1 2 >>> 3/2 1.5 >>> 3//2 //整除 1 >>> 5%2 //求余 1 >>> 2**2 //求N次方 4 >>> 2**5 32
2. Assignment operators: =, =,- =, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=
>>> c = 1 >>> c = c+1 >>> print(c) 2 >>> c+=1 >>> print(c) 3 >>> c-=1 >>> print(c) 2 >>> c++ //python中没有自增和自减运算符 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> c-- SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> b=2 >>> a=3 >>> b+=a >>> print(b) 5 >>> b-=a >>> print(b) 2 >>> b*=a >>> print(b) 6
3. Comparison (relational) operators: ==, ! =, >, <, >=, <=
>>> 1==1 True >>> 1>1 False >>> 1>=1 True >>> a>=b Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module> a>=b NameError: name 'a' is not defined >>> a=1 >>> b=2 >>> a!=b True >>> b=1 >>> b+=b>=1 //b=b+True >>> print(b) 2 >>> print(b>=1) True >>> 1>1 False >>> 2>3 False >>> 'a'>'b' False >>> ord('a') 97 >>> ord('b') 98 >>> 'abc'<'abd' //实际上是a和a比,b和b比,c和d比 True >>> ord('abc') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module> ord('abc') TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 3 found >>> ord('c') 99 >>> ord('d') 100 >>> [1,2,3]<[2,3,4] True >>> (1,2,3)<(1,3,2) True
4. Logical operators: and, or, not
>>> True and True True >>> True and False False >>> True or False True >>> False or False False >>> not False True >>> not True False >>> not not True True</p> <p>0 is considered False, non-0 means True </p> <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">>>> 1 and 1 1 >>> 'a' and 'b' 'b' >>> 'a' or 'b' 'a' >>> not 'a' False >>> a = True >>> b = False >>> a or b True >>> b and a False
Empty string False
>>> not 0.1 False >>> not '' True >>> not '0' False
Empty list False
>>> not [] True >>> not [1,2] False >>> [1] or [] [1] >>> [] or [1] [1] >>> 'a' and 'b' 'b' >>> '' and 'b' '' >>> 1 and 0 0 >>> 0 and 1 0 >>> 1 and 2 2 >>> 2 and 1 1 >>> 0 or 1 1 >>> 1 or 0 1 >>> 1 or 2 1
5.Member operator: in, not in
>>> a = 1 >>> a in [1,2,3,4,5] True >>> b = 6 >>> b in [1,2,3,4,5] False >>> b not in [1,2,3,4,5] True >>> b = 'h' >>> b in 'hello' True >>> b not in (1,2,3,4,5) True >>> b not in {1,2,3,4,5} True >>> b = 'a' >>> b in {'c':1} False >>> b = 1 >>> b in {'c':1} False >>> b = 'c' >>> b in {'c':1} //字典里面根据key返回 True
6.Identity operation Symbol: is, is not
Three characteristics of the object: id, value, type, use "is" to judge id, use "==" to judge value, and use "isinstance" to judge type
>>> a = 1 >>> b = 1 >>> a is b True >>> a='hello' >>> b='world' >>> a is b False >>> c='hello' >>> a is c True >>> a=1 >>> b=2 >>> a==b False >>> a=1 >>> b=1 >>> a is b True >>> a==b True >>> a=1 >>> b=1.0 >>> a==b True >>> a is b //is不是比较值相等,比较的是两个变量的身份(内存地址)是否相等 False >>> id(a) 4374928384 >>> id(b) 4376239272 >>> a={1,2,3} >>> b={2,1,3} >>> a==b //集合是无序的 True >>> a is b False >>> id(a) 4433997384 >>> id(b) 4433996488 >>> c=(1,2,3) >>> d=(2,1,3) >>> c==d //元组是序列,是有序的 False >>> c is d False >>> a=1 >>> b=2 >>> a==b False >>> a is b False >>> a = 'hello' >>> type(a) == int False >>> type(a) == str True >>> isinstance(a,str) //isinstance是判断变量类型的函数 True >>> isinstance(a,int) False >>> isinstance(a,(int,str,float)) True >>> isinstance(a,(int,float)) False
7. Bitwise operators: (== Operate numbers as binary numbers==)
&bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise XOR
~Bitwise negation
<
>>Move right
Bitwise AND operation, compare each binary digit, two If both are 1, you get 1. As long as one of them is 0, you get 0
>>> a = 2 >>> b = 3 >>> a & b 2
Variable | Convert to decimal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 2 | ||
1 | 1 | 3 | ||
0 | 2 |
Convert to decimal |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 |
b |
||
1 | 3 |
Bitwise OR |
||
1 | 3 |
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