Python程序设计入门(3)数组的使用
1、Python的数组可分为三种类型:
(1) list 普通的链表,初始化后可以通过特定方法动态增加元素。
定义方式:arr = [元素]
(2) Tuple 固定的数组,一旦定义后,其元素个数是不能再改变的。
定义方式:arr = (元素)
(2) Dictionary 词典类型, 即是Hash数组。
定义方式:arr = {元素k:v}
2、下面具体说明这些数组的使用方法和技巧:
(1) list 链表数组
a、定义时初始化
b、定义时不初始化
一维数组:
多维数组:
如:
这是错误的
j = 0
arr = [i for i in range(5), j for j in range(5), []]
这是正确的
c、del 语句 和 : 的用法
可以用 start : end 表示数组里的一个区间 ( i >= start and i del 删除数组里的指定元素
如:
del arr[0, 2]
newarr = arr[0, 2]
d、遍历数组:
print k, v
e、增加元素:
一维
二维
如果要在任意位置插入用 arr.insert(n, 值)
此外还有一种特殊的用法是:
arr += [数组元素]
在不指定下标的情况下,是允许用 += 增加数组元素的。
(2) Tuple 固定数组
Tuple 是不可变 list,一旦创建了一个 tuple 就不能以任何方式改变它。
下面拿具体示例说明:
>>> t
('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
>>> t[0] #[2] 直接列出某下标的元素
'a'
>>> t[-1] #[3] 负数表示,从后面倒数的索引 -1 为倒数第一个, 0是顺数第一个
'example'
>>> t[1:3] #[4] 这里 1:3 是 i>=1 and i('b', 'mpilgrim')
Tuple没有的方法:
[1] 不能向 tuple 增加元素,没有 append 、 extend 、insert 等方法。
[2] 不能从 tuple 删除元素,没有 remove 或 pop 方法。
[3] 不能在 tuple 中查找元素,没有 index 方法(index是查找而不是索引,索引直接用下标即可,如:t[0])。
使用tuple的好处:
* Tuple 比 list 操作速度快。如果您定义了一个值的常量集, 并且唯一要用它做的是不断地遍历它, 请使用 tuple 代替 list。
* 如果对不需要修改的数据进行 “写保护”, 可以使代码更安全。使用 tuple 而不是 list 如同拥有一个隐含的 assert 语句, 说明这一数据是常量。如果必须要改变这些值, 则需要执行 tuple 到 list 的转换 (需要使用一个特殊的函数)。
* 还记得我说过 dictionary keys 可以是字符串, 整数和 “其它几种类型”吗? Tuples 就是这些类型之一。 Tuples 可以在 dictionary 中被用做 key, 但是 list 不行。实际上, 事情要比这更复杂。Dictionary key 必须是不可变的。Tuple 本身是不可改变的, 但是如果您有一个 list 的 tuple, 那就认为是可变的了, 用做 dictionary key 就是不安全的。只有字符串, 整数或其它对 dictionary 安全的 tuple 才可以用作 dictionary key。
Tuple可以转换成list,反之亦然。
转换方式为:
t = list( t )
反之:
arr = tuple( arr )
(2) Dictionary (哈希数组)词典数组
#下面例子中 a 是整数, b 是字符串, c 是数组,这个例子充分说明哈希数组的适用性。
dict_arr = {'a': 100, 'b':'boy', 'c':['o', 'p', 'q']}
#可以直接增加一个元素,如果同名,则会改变原来的key的元素的值
dict_arr['d'] = 'dog'
#输出所有的key
print dict_arr.keys()
#输出所有的value
print dict_arr.values()
#遍历数组
import types
for k in dict_arr:
v = dict_arr.get(k)
if type(v) is types.ListType: #如果数据是list类型,继续遍历
print k, '---'
for kk, vv in enumerate(v):
print kk, vv
print '---'
else:
print dict_arr.get(k)

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