PHP程序开发中的中文编码问题(1)
PHP程序设计中中文编码问题经常会困扰很多没有处理这方面问题经验的人,其实导致这个问题的原因很简单,每个国家(或区域)都规定了计算机信息交换用的字符编码集,如美国的扩展 ASCII 码, 中国的 GB2312-80,日本的 JIS 等。作为该国家/区域内信息处理的基础,字符编码集起着统一编码的重要作用。字符编码集按长度分为 SBCS(单字节字符集),DBCS(双字节字符集)两大类。早期的软件(尤其是操作系统),为了解决本地字符信息的计算机处理,出现了各种本地化版本(L10N),为了区分,引进了 LANG, Codepage 等概念。但是由于各个本地字符集代码范围重叠,相互间信息交换困难; 软件各个本地化版本独立维护成本较高。因此有必要将本地化工作中的共性抽取出来,作一致处理,将特别的本地化处理内容降低到最少。这也就是所谓的国际化 (118N)。各种语言信息被进一步规范为 Locale 信息。处理的底层字符集变成了几乎包含了所有字形的 Unicode。
现在大部分具有国际化特征的软件核心字符处理都是以 Unicode 为基础的,在软件运行时根据当时的ocale/Lang/Codepage 设置确定相应的本地字符编码设置,并依此处理本地字符。在处理过程中需要实现 Unicode 和本地字符集的相互转换,甚或以 Unicode 为中间的两个不同本地字符集的相互转换。这种方式在网络环境下被进一步延伸,任何网络两端的字符信息也需要根据字符集的设置转换成可接受的内容。
数据库中的字符集编码问题
流行的关系数据库系统都支持数据库字符集编码,也就是说在创建数据库时可以指定它自己的字符集设置,数据库的数据以指定的编码形式存储。当应用程序访问数据时,在入口和出口处都会有字符集编码的转换。对于中文数据,数据库字符编码的设置应当保证数据的完整性。GB2312、GBK、UTF-8 等都是可选的数据库字符集编码; 当然我们也可以选择 ISO8859-1 (8-bit),只是我们得在应
用程序写数据之前先将 16Bit 的一个汉字或 Unicode 拆分成两个 8-bit 的字符,读数据之后也需要将两个字节合并起来,同时还要判别其中的 SBCS 字符,因此我们并不推荐采用 ISO8859-1 作为数据库字符集编码。这样不但没有充分利用数据库自身的字符集编码支持,而且同时也增加了编程的复杂度。编程时,可以先用数据库管理系统提供的管理功能检查其中的中文数据是否正确。
PHP 程序在查询数据库之前,首先执行 mysql_query("SET NAMES xxxx"); 其中 xxxx 是你网页的编码(charset=xxxx),如果网页中 charset=utf8,则 xxxx=utf8,如果网页中 charset=gb2312,则xxxx=gb2312,几乎所有 WEB 程序,都有一段连接数据库的公共代码,放在一个文件里,在这文件里,加入 mysql_query("SET NAMES xxxx") 就可以了。
SET NAMES 显示客户端发送的 SQL 语句中使用什么字符集。因此,SET NAMES 'utf-8' 语句告诉服务器“将来从这个客户端传来的信息采用字符集 utf-8”。它还为服务器发送回客户端的结果指定了字符集(例如,如果你使用一个 SELECT 语句,它表示列值使用了什么字符集)。
定位问题时常用的技巧
定位中文编码问题通常采用最笨的也是最有效的办法―在你认为有嫌疑的程序处理后打印字符串的内码。通过打印字符串的内码,你可以发现什么时候中文字符被转换成 Unicode,什么时候Unicode 被转回中文内码,什么时候一个中文字成了两个 Unicode 字符,什么时候中文字符串被转成了一串问号,什么时候中文字符串的高位被截掉了……
取用合适的样本字符串也有助于区分问题的类型。如:"aa啊 aa?@aa" 等中英相间,GB、GBK特征字符均有的字符串。一般来说,英文字符无论怎么转换或处理,都不会失真(如果遇到了,可以尝试着增加连续的英文字母长度)。 1

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