Home Backend Development Golang Bitmasking in Go: A Powerful Technique for Options Management

Bitmasking in Go: A Powerful Technique for Options Management

Jul 18, 2024 pm 01:06 PM

Introduction

Bitmasking is an efficient and powerful technique used in programming to represent and manipulate sets of options using bitwise operations. This technique allows you to store multiple Boolean states in a single numeric value, where each bit represents a different option. Although I started my programming journey with PHP, where bitmasking is widely used, I discovered that this technique is equally powerful in other languages ​​like C, Java and even in more modern languages ​​like Go.

In this article, I will share how to implement bitmasking in Go and discuss some practical examples based on my experience.

Basic Concepts

What is Bitmasking?

Bitmasking involves using bitwise operations to manage sets of flags or options. Each option is represented by a bit in an integer value, allowing multiple options to be combined and checked efficiently through data compression, saving memory space and improving the performance of critical programs.

Bitwise Operators

The most common bitwise operators used in bitmasking are:

  • AND (&): Used to check if a specific bit is set.
  • OR (|): Used to set specific bits.
  • XOR (^): Used to toggle specific bits.
  • NOT (~): Used to invert all bits.

Implementation in Go

Let's create a bitmasking implementation in Go, using an example configuration system for a structure called Service.

We will use the iota type to define option constants, where each constant represents a specific option as a single bit.

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

type ServiceOption int

const (
    WITH_OPTION_A ServiceOption = 1 << iota
    WITH_OPTION_B
    WITH_OPTION_C
)
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But be careful, with the int type we can only define a maximum of 32 flag options. Therefore, when defining a flag, be aware of the possibility of growth of this set.

If you need to overcome the limitation of 32 flags that an int type allows, you can consider some alternatives that support more bits. Here are some options:

64-Bit Integers

In Go, you can use the int64 type to represent up to 64 flags.

type ServiceOption int64
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Use an Array of Integers

If you need an even larger number of flags, you can use an integer array or slice. Each array element can store 32 or 64 flags, depending on the type of integer used (int32 or int64).

type ServiceOption int64
type ServiceOptions [2]int64 // 2 * 64 = 128 flags

const (
    WITH_OPTION_A ServiceOption = 1 << iota
    WITH_OPTION_B
    WITH_OPTION_C
    // Continue até 127 (2 * 64 - 1)
)

func (p *ServiceOptions) Set(flag ServiceOption) {
    index := flag / 64
    bit := flag % 64
    p[index] |= 1 << bit
}

func (p *ServiceOptions) Clear(flag ServiceOption) {
    index := flag / 64
    bit := flag % 64
    p[index] &^= 1 << bit
}

func (p *ServiceOptions) Has(flag ServiceOption) bool {
    index := flag / 64
    bit := flag % 64
    return p[index]&(1<<bit) != 0
}
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You can also create a custom type that uses slices or arrays internally to store bits, but it makes everything a little more complex, so I added an example implementation in Go Playground

Assigning flags in the data structure

When defining our bitmask, we will now attach it to a structure called Service that will include a flags field to store the combined options, we will use the Bitwise| OR to set specific bits in object creation.

type Service struct {
    flags ServiceOption
}

func NewService(flags ...ServiceOption) *Service {
    var opts ServiceOption
    for _, flag := range flags {
        opts |= flag
    }
    return &Service{
        flags: opts,
    }
}
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Checking if a flag exists in the bitmask

With the complete constructor now we just need to create a way to check if a certain option is defined, let's implement the HasOption method with the bitwise &AND operator to return the existence of the flag within our flags bitmask.

func (s *Service) HasOption(flag ServiceOption) bool {
    return s.flags&flag != 0
}

func main() {
    defaultService := NewService()
    fmt.Println("Default Service")
    fmt.Println("Has Option A:", defaultService.HasOption(WITH_OPTION_A))
    fmt.Println("Has Option B:", defaultService.HasOption(WITH_OPTION_B))

    modifiedService := NewService(WITH_OPTION_A | WITH_OPTION_B)
    fmt.Println("\nModified Service")
    fmt.Println("Has Option A:", modifiedService.HasOption(WITH_OPTION_A))
    fmt.Println("Has Option B:", modifiedService.HasOption(WITH_OPTION_B))
}
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Now our example is complete, https://go.dev/play/p/rcHwLs-rUaA

Image description
Example of using Iota to define Enum constants that represent days of the week source

Real-World Usage Examples

In the example above we created two instances of a service without much function, just to demonstrate how we can apply different flags and with the options being modified according to the values ​​defined in its constructor, eliminating the need for several Boolean flags and making the set of expandable modifiers.

A classic example of the use of bitmasking is in permission systems, where different levels of access (read, write, execute) are represented by different bits.

type Permission int

const (
    Read Permission = 1 << iota
    Write
    Execute
)

type User struct {
    permissions Permission
}

func (u *User) HasPermission(p Permission) bool {
    return u.permissions&p != 0
}

func main() {
    user := &User{permissions: Read | Write}
    fmt.Println("Can Read:", user.HasPermission(Read))
    fmt.Println("Can Write:", user.HasPermission(Write))
    fmt.Println("Can Execute:", user.HasPermission(Execute))
}
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In this example, we can see how simple and efficient it is to check multiple permissions by combining them into a single integer value.
Let's suppose I want to include new permissions like Delete and Share,

I just need to define new permissions for my constants:

const (
    Read Permission = 1 << iota
    Write
    Execute
    Delete
    Share
)

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These permissions can still be stored in a database for example

Vamos assumir que temos uma tabela chamada users com um campo permissions que armazena o valor das permissões usando bitmask.

CREATE TABLE users (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT,
    permissions INTEGER
);
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Como o bitmask é um inteiro, ele será armazenado no banco de dados de forma bem direta, sem muitas complicações, reduzindo tamanhos de tabelas e dados armazenados.

Um Porém cuidado, caso uma permissão seja renomeada ou movida de posição na constante irá mudar o valor inteiro, tornando initulizável o valor armazenado.

No exemplo acima a permissão Read | Write irá imprimir o valor inteiro 3. Porém vamos supor que você queira melhorar a legibilidade do seu código adicionando a primeira declaração do iota como um valor vazio, sumindo um usuário sem permissão alguma.

const (
    _ Permission = 1 << iota
    Read 
    Write
    Execute
)
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A permissão Read | Write agorá irá imprimir o valor 10 ao invés de 3.

Exemplo permissões de sistema

Configurações de inicialização ou opções de sistema podem ser combinadas e verificadas usando bitmasking para determinar o comportamento do sistema.

type SystemOption int

const (
    EnableLogging SystemOption = 1 << iota
    EnableDebugging
    EnableMetrics
)

type SystemConfig struct {
    options SystemOption
}

func (s *SystemConfig) IsEnabled(option SystemOption) bool {
    return s.options&option != 0
}

func main() {
    config := &SystemConfig{options: EnableLogging | EnableMetrics}
    fmt.Println("Logging Enabled:", config.IsEnabled(EnableLogging))
    fmt.Println("Debugging Enabled:", config.IsEnabled(EnableDebugging))
    fmt.Println("Metrics Enabled:", config.IsEnabled(EnableMetrics))
}

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Um exemplo um pouco mais avançado...

O uso de bitwise e bitmasking pode ser encontrado em operações de gráficos computacionais, onde frequentemente manipulamos pixels e cores.

Em gráficos computacionais, as cores são frequentemente representadas por valores RGBA (Red, Green, Blue, Alpha), onde cada componente da cor é armazenado em um byte (8 bits). Podemos usar operações bitwise para manipular essas cores.

O exemplo abaixo mostra como um programa que inverte as cores de uma imagem usando operações bitwise.

package main

import (
    "image"
    "image/color"
    "image/draw"
    "image/jpeg"
    "image/png"
    "log"
    "os"
)

// Inverte a cor de um pixel usando operações bitwise
func invertColor(c color.Color) color.Color {
    r, g, b, a := c.RGBA()
    return color.RGBA{
        R: uint8(^r >> 8),
        G: uint8(^g >> 8),
        B: uint8(^b >> 8),
        A: uint8(a >> 8), // Alpha não é invertido
    }
}

// Função para inverter as cores de uma imagem
func invertImageColors(img image.Image) image.Image {
    bounds := img.Bounds()
    invertedImg := image.NewRGBA(bounds)
    draw.Draw(invertedImg, bounds, img, bounds.Min, draw.Src)

    for y := bounds.Min.Y; y < bounds.Max.Y; y++ {
        for x := bounds.Min.X; x < bounds.Max.X; x++ {
            originalColor := img.At(x, y)
            invertedColor := invertColor(originalColor)
            invertedImg.Set(x, y, invertedColor)
        }
    }

    return invertedImg
}

func main() {
    // Abre o arquivo de imagem
    file, err := os.Open("input.png")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to open: %s", err)
    }
    defer file.Close()

    // Decodifica a imagem
    img, err := png.Decode(file)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to decode: %s", err)
    }

    // Inverte as cores da imagem
    invertedImg := invertImageColors(img)

    // Salva a imagem invertida
    outputFile, err := os.Create("output.png")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create: %s", err)
    }
    defer outputFile.Close()

    err = png.Encode(outputFile, invertedImg)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to encode: %s", err)
    }

    log.Println("Image inversion completed successfully")
}

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Nesse código a invertColor recebe uma cor (color.Color) e inverte seus componentes RGB usando a operação bitwise NOT (^). O componente Alpha (A) não é invertido.
c.RGBA() retorna os componentes de cor como valores de 16 bits (0-65535), por isso os componentes são deslocados 8 bits para a direita (>> 8) para serem convertidos para a faixa de 8 bits (0-255).

Desvantagens dessa abodagem

Embora o bitmasking seja extremamente eficiente em termos de desempenho e uso de memória, suas desvantagens em termos de complexidade, legibilidade e manutenção devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas.

  • Complexidade: Bitmasking pode ser confuso para programadores iniciantes ou para aqueles que não estão familiarizados com operações bitwise. A manipulação de bits diretamente exige uma compreensão sólida de operações binárias.
  • Legibilidade do Código: O código que utiliza bitmasking pode ser menos legível e intuitivo em comparação com outras abordagens. Por exemplo, verificar se um bit específico está definido pode não ser tão claro quanto verificar um campo booleano em uma estrutura de banco de dados.
  • Manutenção: Remover as opções ou modificar opções existentes pode ser propenso a erros, especialmente se não houver documentação adequada ou se os valores dos bits não forem gerenciados cuidadosamente.
  • Limitações de Tamanho: Dependendo do tipo de dado utilizado (por exemplo, int), há um limite no número de flags que podem ser representadas. Por exemplo, um int de 32 bits pode representar até 32 flags diferentes. Isso pode ser uma limitação em sistemas que necessitam de um grande número de opções.
  • Erros Silenciosos: Erros na manipulação de bits podem ser difíceis de diagnosticar e podem não resultar em falhas imediatas ou óbvias. Por exemplo, definir ou limpar o bit errado pode alterar inadvertidamente múltiplas flags, levando a comportamentos inesperados que podem ser difíceis de rastrear.

Conclusão

Bitmasking é uma técnica valiosa para representar e manipular conjuntos de opções de maneira eficiente. Em Go, essa técnica pode ser implementada de forma simples e eficaz, como demonstrado nos exemplos acima. Seja para sistemas de permissões, configurações de sistema ou estados de jogo, bitmasking oferece uma maneira poderosa de gerenciar múltiplas opções com operações bitwise rápidas e eficientes.

Para projetos onde a legibilidade e a facilidade de manutenção são prioridades, ou onde o número de opções é grande, outras técnicas, como estruturas de dados customizadas ou mapas, podem ser mais apropriadas. No entanto, para sistemas onde o desempenho é crítico e o número de opções é manejável, bitmasking continua sendo uma ferramenta poderosa e eficiente.

Se você está vindo de um background em PHP, C, Java ou qualquer outra linguagem, experimentar bitmasking em Go pode oferecer uma nova perspectiva, somando a eficiência e a simplicidade desta técnia ao arsenal de qualquer programador.

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